BS EN 16710-2-2016 Ergonomics methods A methodology for work analysis to support design《人类工效学方法 支持设计的工作分析方法》.pdf

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1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16710-2:2016Ergonomics methodsPart 2: A methodology for work analysis tosupport designBS EN 16710-2:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16710-2:2016.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technica

2、lCommittee PH/9, Applied ergonomics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institu

3、tion 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 85025 7ICS 13.110; 13.180Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2016.Amendments/c

4、orrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS EN 16710-2:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16710-2 March 2016 ICS 13.110; 13.180 English Version Ergonomics methods - Part 2: A methodology for work analysis to support design Ergonomie - Partie 2: Mthodologie

5、danalyse du travail lappui de la conception Verfahren der Ergonomie - Teil 2: Eine Methodologie fr die Arbeitsanalyse zur Untersttzung von Entwicklung und Design This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 January 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations w

6、hich stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This

7、European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN member

8、s are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal

9、, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey andUnited Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form a

10、nd by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16710-2:2016 EBS EN 16710-2:2016EN 16710-2:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 5 Introduction 6 1 Scope 7 2 Terms and definitions . 7 3 General requirements in specifying the human components . 8 3.1 User experience an

11、d resultant activity . 8 3.2 Limitations of the scientific and technical knowledge provided by existing ergonomics standards . 9 4 Fundamentals . 9 4.1 Participatory approach . 9 4.2 Work analysis 10 5 Elements of methodology 11 5.1 Analysis of overall work situation components 11 5.2 The “activity-

12、focused work system” 12 5.3 Principles of work activity analysis . 13 5.3.1 General . 13 5.3.2 Observation 14 5.3.3 Description . 14 5.3.4 Interpretation 14 5.4 Knowledge validation process 15 6 The work activity in the design process 16 7 Recording the process and reporting the outcomes . 17 7.1 Tr

13、aceability 17 7.2 Assessment outcome and validation . 17 7.3 Assessment report . 17 8 Coherence with other standards 18 Annex A (informative) Example of requirements specification to be integrated into tender submission for ergonomics design for work equipment . 19 A.1 General . 19 A.2 Example speci

14、fications . 19 A.2.1 EC marking 19 A.2.2 Expected performance in terms of: . 19 A.2.3 Technological options 20 A.2.4 Resources 21 A.2.5 Means 21 A.2.6 Operating instructions . 24 A.2.7 Transport, delivery 24 A.2.8 Unloading 24 BS EN 16710-2:2016EN 16710-2:2016 (E) 3 A.2.9 Location and installation .

15、 25 A.2.10 Installation, acceptance and commissioning 25 A.2.11 General conditions . 25 Annex B (informative) Some techniques used for work analysis in an ergonomic approach . 26 B.1 General . 26 B.2 Analysis techniques (tools) based on objective data . 27 B.2.1 Review of documents 27 B.2.1.1 Genera

16、l . 27 B.2.1.2 The organization chart . 27 B.2.1.3 The flow chart 27 B.2.1.4 Plans and Drawings . 27 B.2.1.5 Statistical Indicators 28 B.2.2 Metrology . 28 B.2.2.1 General . 28 B.2.2.2 Measurement and evaluation of the physical environment . 29 B.2.2.3 Measurement and evaluation of the effects of ph

17、ysical demands 29 B.2.3 Observe a work situation . 30 B.2.3.1 General and conditions . 30 B.2.3.2 When to observe? The right choice of moment . 31 B.2.3.2.1 General . 31 B.2.3.2.2 What and how to observe? 31 B.2.3.3 Different observation modes 31 B.2.3.3.1 Preliminary overall observation 31 B.2.3.3.

18、2 Systematic detailed observation (direct and indirect) . 32 B.2.3.4 Observation of simulated conditions 32 B.3 Technical analysis using subjective data . 32 B.3.1 Analysis by Questionnaire (survey) . 32 B.3.2 Question by interview . 33 B.3.2.1 Why conduct an interview? . 33 B.3.2.2 What question/in

19、terview? 33 B.3.2.3 The timing of the interview . 33 B.3.3 The interview techniques 34 B.3.3.1 Confrontation . 34 B.3.3.2 The structured interview . 34 B.3.3.3 The semi-structured interview 34 B.3.3.4 The non-directive (open) interview 34 BS EN 16710-2:2016EN 16710-2:2016 (E) 4 Annex C (informative)

20、 The approach and ergonomic analysis applied to design: Stages and processes . 36 Bibliography . 39 BS EN 16710-2:2016EN 16710-2:2016 (E) 5 European foreword This document (EN 16710-2:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Thi

21、s European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some

22、of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. EN 16710 consists of the following parts under the general title Ergonomics methods: Part 1: Feedback method - A method to understand

23、how end users perform their work with machines (Technical Report) Part 2: A methodology for work analysis to support design These present independent methods that can be used to support the implementation of ergonomics principles, for example as advocated in EN ISO 12100 and the EN 614 series. Accor

24、ding to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany,

25、 Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16710-2:2016EN 16710-2:2016 (E) 6 Introduction The ergonomic design approach involves

26、considering human capabilities, skills, limitations and needs. It is developed on the basis of a decision process, which calls upon not only scientific and technical knowledge data provided by existing standards but also expression of the “know-how” capitalised by the intended user population. Know-

27、how and other knowledge data provided by standards can only become meaningful when based on preliminary analysis of real-work. Ergonomics design focuses on the actual activity of operators. The methodology described in this European Standard therefore increases the effectiveness and efficiency of th

28、e machinery or system being designed; improves human working conditions; and reduces adverse effects on health, safety and performance. This methodology can lead to one or more suitable solutions embracing situations to be confronted by future users. Applying this will raise productivity, improve wo

29、rk quality, reduce technical support, maintenance and training needs, and will enhance user/operator satisfaction. Application of this methodology will be most effective when management is closely involved (adoption, communication, etc.). Extensive ergonomics knowledge exists in relation to organizi

30、ng and establishing an efficient design process. Applying this knowledge, this present European Standard structures a user-based approach and proposes corresponding requirements for project managers. This approach complements existing design methods and requires reference to ergonomists. This proces

31、s concerns both established, as described by EN ISO 12100, and emergent risks and their association with the independent evolution of any system, user variability and conditions of equipment usage. In this respect, the methodology for work analysis presented in this document is based on the resultan

32、t design being at least partly determined by anticipated future developments, especially those indicated by the client. This is a shared procedure, in which the client provides specifications detailing the knowledge helpful to a design suited to the needs and expectations of users. Examples of the c

33、ontribution of an ergonomics design approach to preparing specifications are included in informative Annex A. Design based on an ergonomics process is necessary to meet any “performance obligation” (i.e. obligation of result). This European Standard complements knowledge generated by work activity a

34、nalysis to enhance the quality of references and other solutions validated within a participative framework. This is indeed the case when a compromise solution cannot be found in relation to a specific point because the underlying knowledge cannot be validated. This European Standard facilitates ori

35、entation towards a shared final decision. BS EN 16710-2:2016EN 16710-2:2016 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard describes a procedure for analysing human activity in relation to specifying and refining the human component in the design or redesign of machinery and work systems. NOTE 1 The ergonomic

36、s methodology described in this European Standard could also be applied to the design or redesign of products and non-work systems. This European Standard is intended to assist project leaders in implementing human and physical resources, methods and schedules as well as in preparing the documents n

37、ecessary to meeting related requirements. The ergonomics methodology described can be applied to all different stages in design projects from the earliest concept to the final “prototype” or “mock-up”, whatever the industrial field or sector. The objective of this European Standard is to achieve a s

38、olution that takes into account as many situations as possible which all users - including operators, maintenance staff and installers, may encounter. This will ultimately allow improved usability of the machinery and more robust technical solutions, combined with significantly greater system resili

39、ence, user autonomy and accessibility. NOTE 2 Examples of the application of the methodology described in this European Standard are provided in Annex A. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 ergonomics scientific discipline concern

40、ed with the understanding of interactions among human and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimise human well-being and overall system performance SOURCE: EN ISO 26800:2011, 2.2 2.2 worker operator person performi

41、ng one or more tasks within the work system SOURCE: EN ISO 6385:2004, 2.8 2.3 work activity manner in which a prescribed task is, in reality, performed 2.4 work system system comprising one or more workers and work equipment acting together to perform the system function, in the workspace, in the wo

42、rk environment, under the conditions imposed by the work tasks SOURCE: EN ISO 6385:2004, 2.16 BS EN 16710-2:2016EN 16710-2:2016 (E) 8 2.5 accessibility extent to which products, systems, services, environments and facilities can be used by people from a population with the widest range of characteri

43、stics and capabilities to achieve a specified goal in a specified context of use SOURCE: EN ISO 26800:2011, 2.1 2.6 work equipment tools, including hardware and software, machines, vehicles, devices, furniture, installations and other components used in the work system SOURCE: EN ISO 6385:2004, 2.7

44、2.7 assumption proposal relating to the explanation or interpretation of phenomena, observable facts and solution principles, assumed temporarily before being subjected to checking Note 1 to entry: In observing workers the observer should verify any hypotheses concerning knowledge acquired regarding

45、 the work and its translation into solution principles with the workers concerned. 2.8 prescribed task formal description of how a task is expected to be performed EXAMPLE prescribed and prohibited tools, conditions of use, procedures, order of operations etc. 3 General requirements in specifying th

46、e human components 3.1 User experience and resultant activity Ergonomics design involves considering all work situations that may be encountered by intended users. Users of machinery and of other systems performing the same or similar functions, possess a variety of levels of skills (including proce

47、dures for anticipating and avoiding risks) and knowledge of various constraints concerning individual and collective performance (described by the term “know-how”). Systematically collecting this know-how is fundamental to decision making in developing the design of a new machine and or work system.

48、 The know-how of an individual has a strong influence on their activity. It is essential to understand the motivations induced by the work system and the experiences of the user, which determines their observed activity. To maximize accessibility, the design shall take account of the full range of u

49、sers depending on the objectives of design including, where applicable, older people and those with disabilities. This requires the designer to consider characteristics which are associated with increasing age. It might also include identifying specific subgroups that should be included, for example people with impaired hearing, those with cognitive impairment, and people who are already using assistive technologies or who might require individualized solutions or alternative means of access. For this purpose, the approach described by this European Standard fir