BS 7974-2001 Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings - Code of practice《在建筑物设计中防火安全性工程原则的应用 实施规程》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 7974:2001 Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings Code of practice ICS 13.220.20 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBS 7974:2001 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Health a

2、nd Environment Sector Policy and Strategy Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 24 October 2001 BSI 24 October 2001 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference FSH/24/1 Draft for comment 00/540894 DC I

3、SBN 0 580 38447 0 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical Committee FSH/24, Fire safety engineering, to Subcommittee FSH/24/1, Framework document, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Automatic Sprinkle

4、r Association Building Research Establishment (BRE) Fire and Risk Sciences Department for Transport, Local government and the Regions (DTLR) Fire Safety Development Group Home Office Institute of Building Control Institute of Fire Safety London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority National House-bu

5、ilding Council (NHBC) Nuclear Industry Fire Safety Co-ordinating Committee Timber Research and Development Association Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS 7974:2001 BSI 24 October 2001 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii Introduction 1 1S c

6、o p e 3 2 Normative references 3 3T e r m s a n d d e f i n i t i o n s 3 4A p p l i c a t i o n 5 5 Reporting and presentation 10 6 Qualitative design review (QDR) 12 7 Quantitative analysis 22 8 Assessment against criteria 24 Bibliography 28 Figure 1 The structure of the code of practice and the P

7、ublished Documents 2 Figure 2 Basic fire safety engineering process 8 Figure 3 Illustration of likely interactions between sub-systems 9 Figure 4 Example of time line comparison between fire development and evacuation/damage to property 10 Table 1 Checklist for development of trial design 16 Table 2

8、 Property groups found in and around a building 18BS 7974:2001 ii BSI 24 October 2001 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee FSH/24/1. It supersedes DD 240-1:1997 and DD 240-2:1997 which will be withdrawn on 31 December 2002. Additional guidance on fire safety engine

9、ering, sub-systems and risk assessment will be provided in a series of new Published Documents (PD 7974-0, PD 7974-1, PD 7974-2, PD 7974-3, PD 7974-4, PD 7974-5, PD 7974- 6 and PD 7974-7). BS 7974 is intended to provide a framework for the application of fire safety engineering principles to the des

10、ign of buildings. It is supported by the PD 7974 series of Published Documents that contain guidance and information on how to undertake detailed analysis of specific aspects of fire safety engineering in buildings. PD 7974-0 to -7 provide a summary of the state of the art and it is intended that th

11、ey will be updated as new theories, calculation methods and/or data become available. PD 7974 is structured as follows: Part 0: Guide to the design framework and fire safety engineering procedures; Part 1: (Sub-system 1) Initiation and development of fire within the enclosure of origin; Part 2: (Sub

12、-system 2) Spread of smoke and toxic gases within and beyond the enclosure of origin; Part 3: (Sub-system 3) Structural response and fire spread beyond the enclosure of origin; Part 4: (Sub-system 4) Detection of fire and activation of fire protection systems; Part 5: (Sub-system 5) Fire service int

13、ervention; Part 6: (Sub-system 6) Evacuation; Part 7: Probabilistic fire risk assessment. This code of practice can be used to identify and define one or more fire safety design issues to be addressed using fire safety engineering. The appropriate part(s) of PD 7974 can then be used to set specific

14、acceptance criteria and undertake detailed analysis. As a code of practice, this British Standard takes the form of guidance and recommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification and particular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not misleading. NOTE It

15、has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent people. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their

16、 correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Attention is drawn to the following statutory regulations: Building Regulations 1, 2, 3, Fire Precautions Act 4 and Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997 (as amended) 5. Summar

17、y of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 28, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed throughout this document indicates when the document was last issued. BS 7974:2001 BSI 24 October 2001 1 Introduction This

18、 code of practice provides a framework for developing a rational methodology for design of buildings using a fire safety engineering approach based on the application of scientific and engineering principles to the protection of people, property and the environment from fire. For most buildings the

19、prescriptive recommendations on design in existing codes and guides as given in BS 5588-0 may be found to be adequate but this code of practice can be used for developing and assessing fire safety engineering proposals. A fire safety engineering approach that takes into account the total fire safety

20、 package can often provide a more fundamental and economical solution than more prescriptive approaches to fire safety (see BS 5588-0). It may in some cases be the only viable means of achieving a satisfactory standard of fire safety in some large and complex buildings. Fire safety engineering can h

21、ave many benefits. The use of this code of practice will facilitate the practice of fire safety engineering and in particular it will: a) provide the designer with a disciplined approach to fire safety design; b) allow the safety levels for alternative designs to be compared; c) provide a basis for

22、selection of appropriate fire protection systems; d) provide opportunities for innovative design; e) provide information on the management of fire safety for a building. Fire is an extremely complex phenomenon and gaps still exist in the available knowledge. This code of practice is intended to prov

23、ide a framework for a flexible but formalized approach to fire safety design that can also be readily assessed by the approvals bodies. This code of practice is supported by a series of Published Documents that contain guidance and information on how to undertake detailed analysis of specific aspect

24、s of fire safety engineering. This does not preclude the use of appropriate methods and data from other sources. Figure 1 shows the structure of the code of practice and the Published Documents. This code of practice: provides means of establishing acceptable levels of fire safety economically and w

25、ithout imposing unnecessary constraints on aspects of building design; provides guidance on the design and assessment of fire safety measures in buildings; gives a structured approach to assessing the effectiveness of the total fire safety system in achieving the design objectives; provides a framew

26、ork for and describes the philosophy of fire safety engineering; outlines the principles involved in the application of the philosophy to the fire safety engineering of particular buildings; can be used to identify and define one or more fire safety design issues to be addressed using fire safety en

27、gineering; NOTE The appropriate part(s) of PD 7974 can then be used to set specific acceptance criteria and undertake detailed analysis. provides some alternative approaches to existing codes and guides for fire safety and also allows the effect of departures from more prescriptive codes to be evalu

28、ated; and recognizes that the design objectives may be achieved by a range of alternative and complementary fire protection strategies.BS 7974:2001 2 BSI 24 October 2001 Figure 1 The structure of the code of practice and the Published Documents Published Documents (Handbooks providing supporting inf

29、ormation and guidance) Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings - Code of practice BS 7974 (Framework Document Philosophy) Guide to design framework and fire safety engineering procedures Design approach QDR Comparison with criteria Reporting and presentation Init

30、iation and development of fire within the enclosure of origin Design approach Acceptance criteria Analysis Data References Spread of smoke and toxic gases within and beyond the enclosure of origin Design approach Acceptance criteria Analysis Data References Structural response and fire spread beyond

31、 the enclosure of origin Design approach Acceptance criteria Analysis Data References Detection of fire and activation of fire protection systems Design approach Acceptance criteria Analysis Data References Fire service intervention Design approach Acceptance criteria Analysis Data References Evacua

32、tion Design approach Acceptance criteria Analysis Data References PD 7974-0 PD 7974-1 (Sub-system 1) PD 7974-2 (Sub-system 2) PD 7974-3 (Sub-system 3) PD 7974-4 (Sub-system 4) PD 7974-5 (Sub-system 5) PD 7974-6 (Sub-system 6) PD 7974-7 Probabalistic risk assessment Design approach Acceptance criteri

33、a Analysis Data ReferencesBS 7974:2001 BSI 24 October 2001 3 1 Scope This code of practice provides a framework for an engineering approach to the achievement of fire safety in buildings by giving recommendations and guidance on the application of scientific and engineering principles to the protect

34、ion of people, property and the environment from fire. This code of practice applies to the design of new buildings and the appraisal of existing buildings. This code of practice does not provide specific guidance on buildings used for the bulk storage or processing of flammable liquids or explosive

35、 materials. The intrinsic risks associated with such buildings will often necessitate special consideration, which is beyond the scope of this document. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this pa

36、rt of this British Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. BS 5588-0, Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings Part 0

37、: Guide to fire safety codes of practice for particular premises/applications. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this British Standard the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 approvals body organization responsible for approving the fire safety aspects of a building NOTE Examples of

38、 approvals bodies are the local authority building control, approved inspectors, and the fire authority. 3.2 available safe egress time (ASET) calculated time available between ignition of a fire and the time at which tenability criteria are exceeded in a specified space in a building 3.3 calorific

39、value total amount of heat released when a unit quantity of a fuel (measured at 25 C and atmospheric pressure) is oxidized during its complete combustion in oxygen under specified test conditions NOTE In a fire only a proportion of this energy will be released. 3.4 compartment building or part of a

40、building constructed to prevent the spread of fire to or from another part of the same building or an adjoining building 3.5 escape time calculated time from ignition until the time at which all the occupants of a specified part of a building are able to reach a place of safety 3.6 deterministic stu

41、dy methodology, based on physical relationships derived from scientific theories and empirical results, that for a given set of initial conditions will always produce the same outcome 3.7 enclosure space defined by boundary elements (on all sides) 3.8 evacuation time interval between the time of a w

42、arning of fire being transmitted to the occupants and the time at which all of the occupants are able to reach a place of safetyBS 7974:2001 4 BSI 24 October 2001 3.9 exit doorway or other suitable opening giving access towards a place of safety 3.10 fire hazard source of possible injury or damage f

43、rom fire 3.11 fire load quantity of heat which could be released by the complete combustion of all the combustible materials in a volume including the facing of all boundary surfaces 3.12 fire load density fire load divided by the floor area 3.13 fire risk product of probability of occurrence of a f

44、ire to be expected in a given technical operation or state in a defined time, and consequence or extent of damage to be expected on the occurrence of a fire 3.14 fire safety engineer person suitably qualified and experienced in fire safety engineering (see also Foreword) 3.15 fire safety engineering

45、 application of scientific and engineering principles to the protection of people, property and the environment from fire 3.16 fire safety manual document providing all necessary information for the effective management of fire safety in the building 3.17 fire scenario set of circumstances, chosen a

46、s an example, that defines the development of fire and the spread of combustion products throughout a building or part of a building 3.18 flashover sudden transition from a localized fire to the ignition of all exposed flammable surfaces within an enclosure 3.19 management person or persons in overa

47、ll control of the premises whilst people are present, exercising this responsibility either in their own right, e.g. as the owner, or by delegation (of statutory duty) 3.20 means of escape means whereby safe routes are provided for persons to travel from any point in a building to a place of safety

48、3.21 phased evacuation process by which a limited number of floors (usually the fire floor and the storey above) is evacuated initially and the remaining floors are evacuated when necessaryBS 7974:2001 BSI 24 October 2001 5 3.22 place of safety predetermined place in which persons are in no immediat

49、e danger from the effects of fire NOTE The place of safety may be inside or outside the building depending upon the evacuation strategy. 3.23 pre-movement time time interval between the warning of fire being given (by an alarm or by direct sight of smoke or fire) and the first move being made towards an exit 3.24 probabilistic risk assessment methodology to determine statistically the probability and outcome of events 3.25 smouldering combustion of a material without flame and light being visible 3.26 tenability cr