BS 4672-1-1971 Guide to hazards in the transport and storage of packages - Climatic hazards《包装件运输和储存危害指南 第1部分 气候性危害》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS4672-1: 1971 Guide to Hazards in the transport and storage of packages Part1: Climatic hazards UDC 621.798:620.193.21BS4672-1:1971 This guide, having been approvedby the Packaging Standards Committee, was published underthe authority ofthe Executive Board on 31 March1971 BSI10-199

2、9 The following BSI references relate to the work on this guide: Committee references P/192 and P/192/1 Draft for comment66/9593 ISBN 580 06307 0 Co-operating organizations The Packaging Standards Committee, under whose supervision this guide was prepared, consists of representatives from the follow

3、ing Government departments and scientific and industrial organizations: Association of Steel Drum Manufacturers* Fibreboard Packing Case Manufacturers Board of Trade* Association* British Carton Association Food Manufacturers Federation British Jute Trade Federal Council* (Incorporated) British Pape

4、r and Board Makers Association Glass Manufacturers Federation (Incorporated) Institute of Packaging* British Paper Bag Federation Institution of Production Engineers British Paper Box Federation Ministry of Technology* British Plastics Federation Ministry of Transport* British Railways Board* Packag

5、ing Films Manufacturers Association British Tin Box Manufacturers Federation Paintmakers Association of Great Britain Chemical Industries Association* Soap and Detergent Industry Association* Collapsible Tube Manufacturers Association Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders Crown Agents for Overs

6、ea Governments and Ltd.* Administrations* Timber Container Confederation* Envelope Makers and Manufacturing Stationers Association The Government departments and industrial organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were directly represented on the committe

7、e entrusted with the preparation of this guide: Association of British Chambers of Ministry of Technology Laboratory of the Commerce Government Chemist British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers North East Coast Institution of Engineers Association and Shipbuilders British Food Manufacturing Indust

8、ries Oil Companies Materials Association Research Association Research Association for the Paper and British Industrial Measuring and Control Board, Printing and Packaging Industries Apparatus Manufacturers Association Research Association of British Paint, Colour British Iron and Steel Federation a

9、nd Varnish Manufacturers Chamber of Shipping of the United Kingdom Shipowners Refrigerated Cargo Research Confederation of British Industry Association Honourable Company of Master Mariners Society of Chemical Industry Institute of London Underwriters Telecommunication Engineering and Institute of S

10、hipping and Forwarding Agents Manufacturing Association Lloyds Underwriters Association U.K. National Committee of the Meteorological Office International Cargo Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Co-ordination Association Ministry of Defence United Kingdom Mutual Steam Ship Ministr

11、y of Overseas Developments Assurance Association Ltd. Tropical Products Institute Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS4672-1:1971 BSI 10-1999 i Contents Page Co-operating organizations Inside front cover Foreword ii 1 General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Terminology 1 2 Climatic condition

12、s 2.1 Effect of climatic conditions 1 2.2 Extremes of temperature 3 2.3 Relative humidity 4 2.4 Association of high temperature and high humidity 6 2.5 Large changes of atmospheric temperature and humidity 7 2.6 Wetness due to precipitation, fog, dew or melting of hoar frost 8 2.7 Heavy snowfall 9 3

13、 Transport and storage 3.1 Transport by land 9 3.1.1 General 9 3.1.2 Railway vans 10 3.1.3 Road vehicles 11 3.2 Transport by sea 11 3.2.1 General 11 3.2.2 Ships 13 3.3 Transport by air 14 3.3.1 General 14 3.3.2 Aircraft 14 3.4 Storage 15 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Nature of product 16 4.2 Other factors 16

14、4.3 Protective measures 17 Appendix A Ventilation of cargoes at sea 18 Appendix B Bibliography 21 Appendix C Note on average monthly maximum and minimum air temperatures 25 Appendix D Deterioration index 26 Table 1 Monthly mean relative humidities at certain areas at sea 5 Table 2 Temperature variat

15、ions recorded in British railways freight containers (JulyOctober,1961) 11 Table 3 Temperatures, pressures and relative densities at various heights in the ICAO standard atmosphere 14 NOTEFigures1 to57 appear in Part2, “Climatic hazards (maps and diagrams)”.BS4672-1:1971 ii BSI 10-1999 Foreword This

16、 guide makes reference to the following British Standards: BS1133, Packaging code. BS4672, Guide to hazards in the transport and storage of packages Part2: Climatic hazards (maps and diagrams). The preparation of this guide was undertaken, under the authority of the Packaging Standards Committee, fo

17、llowing requests to BSI to carry out work on package testing and the evaluation of package performance with the object of facilitating co-ordination of packaging requirements, statutory and otherwise, at national and international levels. As a first step in the work, detailed information on the clim

18、atic hazards to which packages are exposed was collected, and the BSI technical committee responsible felt that the information gathered was of immediate value to those concerned with the transport and storage of goods, either from the point of view of package design or because they have responsibil

19、ity for the care of cargoes in transit. Accordingly, Parts1 and2 of the guide, dealing with climatic hazards, are being published now, and it is anticipated that a Part3, dealing with mechanical and other hazards, will be published in due course. The work has now become closely associated with work

20、now proceeding within Technical Committee ISO/TC122, Packaging, of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). A sub-committee of ISO/TC122 is concerned with performance requirements and tests for transport packages, and is supported by two Working Groups, one of which is collecting an

21、d assessing the validity of existing information on hazards, while the other is considering the compilation of package performance test schedules appropriate to the various systems of distribution. Some of the work being undertaken is of a relatively long-term nature but the sub-committee is also wo

22、rking on a short-term rationalization of existing methods of test. It is the intention of the ISO sub-committee to take account of work going on at the United Nations Economic and Social Councils committee of experts on the transport of dangerous goods. Much of the information in Part1 was provided

23、by the Meteorological Office, who also prepared the maps and diagrams in Part2 and grateful acknowledgement is made to them. NOTEWhere values stated in metric units are followed by equivalents in imperial units, the conversions are sometimes approximate. More accurate conversions should be based on

24、the tables in BS350 “Conversion factors and tables”. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal o

25、bligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andii, pages1 to26 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover

26、.BS4672-1:1971 BSI 10-1999 1 1 General 1.1 Scope This Part of this guide provides selected information about the climatic conditions likely to be encountered by packages in different areas of the world, and as modified aboard ship, in aircraft, in road or rail vehicles, and during storage. It descri

27、bes the bearing which these conditions may have on the protection needed by goods in transit to or through these areas. Generalized advice is given about measures to be taken to control the insulation and ventilation in a ships hold. Appendix A gives some information on the ventilation of ships carg

28、oes. Appendix B gives a bibliography of some publications that may be of interest to those concerned with a more detailed study of climatic hazards in general or of the particular problems of certain special kinds of cargo. All references to Figures in this Part of this guide relate to the maps and

29、diagrams in Part2 1) . NOTEGuidance on packaging problems generally is given in BS1133, “Packaging code”. Section5, “Protection against spoilage of packages and their contents by micro-organisms, insects, mites and rodents”, and Section6, “Temporary protection of metal surfaces against corrosion (du

30、ring transport and storage)”, are of special relevance to this Part of this guide. 1.2 Terminology Although this Part of this guide has been written as far as possible in non-technical language the use of a limited number of technical terms used in meteorology, climatology and statistics is necessar

31、y. Formal rigorous definitions of the several terms used may be obtained from the scientific literature dealing with those subjects. For the purposes of this Part of this guide the following broad definitions may be regarded as applicable: 1) Vapour pressure. That part of the total atmospheric press

32、ure which is exerted by water-vapour. 2) Saturation vapour pressure. The maximum possible pressure which can be exerted at a given temperature by water-vapour. 3) Relative humidity (r.h.). The ratio (expressed as a percentage) of the actual vapour pressure to the saturation vapour pressure at the sa

33、me temperature. NOTEThis can also be defined as the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of the amount of moisture in the air to that in saturated air at the same temperature. 4) Dew point. The temperature at which the actual pressure equals the saturation vapour pressure of the water-vapour in the air

34、. NOTEThe dew point of the air can also be defined as the temperature of a glass or metal object just cold enough to cause dew to appear upon it when it is exposed to that air. 5) Hygroscopic substance. A substance which is capable, under the right conditions, of absorbing water-vapour from the surr

35、ounding atmosphere. Such a substance will continue to absorb moisture until the vapour pressure of the absorbed water is equal to that of the water-vapour in the air. It is then said to be in equilibrium. The equilibrium moisture content of the substance is dependent upon both its temperature and th

36、e relative humidity and temperature of the surrounding air. If the moisture content is above the equilibrium value the substance will give up water until equilibrium conditions are reached. 6) Isopleth. A line drawn on a map to display the geographical distribution of any element, each line being dr

37、awn through places at which the element has the same value; e.g.an isobar is the isopleth of equal pressure. 7) Troposphere. The lower layers of the atmosphere extending to about16km(52500ft) near the equator,11km(36000ft) in latitude50 , 9km(29500ft) near the poles, the upper limit being the tropop

38、ause. 8) Tropopause. The atmospheric boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere. 9) Stratosphere. That region of the atmosphere lying above the troposphere in which temperature does not decrease with increasing height. The stratosphere extends from the tropopause to a height of about50km(

39、164000ft), where the temperature reaches a maximum. 2 Climatic conditions 2.1 Effect of climatic conditions Unless adequately protected, goods are likely to be affected to some extent by any or all of the climatic conditions which they encounter during transport and storage. Clauses2.2 to2.7 contain

40、 information on the principal types of climatic hazards and give examples of some of the kinds of damage which may arise from those hazards. 1) BS4672, “Guide to hazards in the transport and storage of packages”, Part2, “Climatic hazards (maps and diagrams)”.BS4672-1:1971 2 BSI 10-1999 The climatic

41、conditions likely to be hazardous to goods during transport and storage rarely exist in isolation, but for convenience they are listed under the following main headings; some examples of the kind of damage likely to arise are also given: 1) Extremes of temperature. Very high temperatures may cause e

42、xpansion of metals, blistering of paintwork, weakening of glued joints, cracking of rubber, softening of preservative coatings, melting of chocolate and fats, and deterioration of oils, fats and chemical products. Very low temperatures may cause cracking of textile materials when frozen, embrittleme

43、nt of certain materials, hardening of cushioning materials such as foamed rubber, separation of emulsions, solidification of edible oils carried in bulk, and damage to certain fruits and vegetables if accidentally frozen. Consideration should be given to variations in temperature during transport wh

44、en determining the degree of filling allowable in liquid containers. Differential expansion of container and contents may cause rupture or deformation of the container and leakage of contents. 2) Relative humidities. High relative humidities may result in moisture absorption which causes corrosion,

45、deterioration of foodstuffs or deterioration of packaging materials such as gummed tape or fibreboard. Low relative humidities may result in loss of moisture in horticultural produce, loss of resilience in certain cushioning materials within a pack, and shrinkage and cracking of timber. 3) Associati

46、on of high temperatures and high humidity may result in acceleration of corrosion or oxidation of metals, growth of fungi and increased activity of insects and mites. 4) Large changes of atmospheric temperature and humidity may give rise to danger of condensation on exposed surfaces of cargoes, the

47、walls of a confined space, or the internal surfaces of a sealed container; moisture in the contents may be lost to the package atmosphere and deposited on the walls of the package when the temperature falls. 5) Wetness due to precipitation, fog, dew or melting of hoar frost may cause loss of structu

48、ral strength of paper and board, corrosion or oxidation of metals, blistering of paints and lacquers, or damage to soluble chemicals. 6) Heavy snowfall may cause difficulties and delays in transport by road or rail and possibly by air, and possible damage to goods when the snow melts. These hazards

49、are examined below in greater detail in relation to transport and storage. In the clauses which follow some information is given regarding these different climatic conditions over much of the earths surface. In most instances sets of maps 2)for four different months of the year give a pictorial representation of suitable parameters of these climatic conditions. The corresponding texts explain the use of the maps and describe the more important points of special interest. The information on atmospheric conditions given in the maps refers only to the st