AWS WHB-4 9-2010 Welding Handbook Volume 4 - Materials and Applications Part 1.pdf

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1、WELDING HANDBOOK NINTH EDITION VOLUME 4 Materials and Applications, Part 1i Welding Handbook Ninth Edition Volume 4 MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS, PART 1 American Welding Societyii Welding Handbook, Ninth Edition Volume 1 Welding Science and Technology Volume 2 Welding Processes, Part 1 Volume 3 Weldin

2、g Processes, Part 2 Volume 4 Materials and Applications, Part 1 Volume 5 Materials and Applications, Part 2iii Welding Handbook Ninth Edition Volume 4 MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS, PART 1 Prepared under the direction of the Welding Handbook Committee Annette OBrien, Editor Carlos Guzman, Associate Edi

3、tor American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road Miami, FL 33126iv 2011 by American Welding Society All rights reserved No portion of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,

4、without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided the app

5、ropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; telephone: (978) 750-8400; Internet: . Library of Congress Control Number: 2001089999 ISBN: 978-0-87171-759-7 The Welding Handbook is the result of the collective effort of many volunteer technical special

6、ists who provide infor- mation to assist with the design and application of welding and allied processes. The information and data presented in the Welding Handbook are intended for informational purposes only. Reasonable care is exercised in the compilation and publication of the Welding Handbook t

7、o ensure the authenticity of the contents. However , no representation is made as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of this information, and an independent substantiating investigation of the information should be undertaken by the user. The information contained in the Welding Handbook

8、shall not be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, which is covered by patent, copyright, or trademark. Also, it shall not be construed as a defense against any liability for su

9、ch infringement. Whether the use of any information in the Welding Handbook would result in an infringement of any patent, copyright, or trademark is a determination to be made by the user. Printed in the United States of Americav DEDICATION This book is dedicated to Phil Temple in recognition of th

10、e guidance he has provided to the Welding Handbook as a contributor, reviewer, Chapter Chair, and as Chair of the Welding Handbook Committee from 1996 through 1999 and again from 2004 through 2007. He has been a Welding Handbook volunteer for the past 20 years, con- tributing to the publishing of se

11、veral volumes of the 8th and 9th editions. The leadership he brought to the Welding Handbook was gleaned from experience as he progressed from welder to welding instructor, welding superintendent to welding engineer, then to quality assurance management in the nuclear power industry. A graduate of L

12、eTourneau University, he has been an active member of the American Welding Society for more than 35 years. In 2000, he received the National Meritorious Award for good counsel, loyalty, and dedication to the affairs of the Society. Phillip I. Templevii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . x PREFACE. xi REVIEW

13、ERS. xii CONTRIBUTORS . xiii CHAPTER 1CARBON AND LOW-ALLOY STEELS . 1 Introduction 2 Welding Classifications 2 Fundamentals of Welding Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels . 3 Common Forms of Weld-Related Cracking in Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 12 Carbon Steels 23 High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels. 41 Quenched

14、and Tempered Steels . 55 Heat-Treatable Low-Alloy Steels . 67 Chromium-Molybdenum Steels . 75 Applications 83 Safe Practices. 90 Bibliography 90 Supplementary Reading List 92 CHAPTER 2HIGH-ALLOY STEELS 95 Introduction 96 Classification of High-Alloy Steels. 96 Precipitation-Hardening Steels. 98 Mara

15、ging Steels . 99 Nickel-Cobalt Steels 108 Austenitic Manganese Steels 119 Applications 130 Safe Practices. 133 Conclusion 133 Bibliography 134 Supplementary Reading List 135 CHAPTER 3COATED STEELS. 137 Introduction 138 Terneplate 138 Tin-Plated Steel (Tinplate) . 142 Joining Processes for Tinplate 1

16、43 Galvanized Steels. 145 Aluminized Steels 186 Chromized Steels . 193 Other Coated Steels. 196 Painted Steels. 207 Applications 209 Safe Practices. 216 Bibliography 217 Supplementary Reading List 218 CHAPTER 4TOOL AND DIE STEELS 221 Introduction 222 Metallurgical Properties 222 Tool Steel Classific

17、ations . 223 Weldability 229viii Heat Treatment 229 Arc Welding of Tool and Die Steels 233 Flash Welding and Friction Welding.244 Brazing.244 Tool Steel Welding Applications .246 Safe Practices253 Conclusion.253 Bibliography.253 Supplementary Reading List.254 CHAPTER 5STAINLESS AND HEAT-RESISTANT ST

18、EELS 255 Introduction.256 Martensitic Stainless Steels.272 Ferritic Stainless Steels282 Austenitic Stainless Steels .289 Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels .334 Superferritic Stainless Steels340 Superaustenitic Stainless Steels .343 Duplex Stainless Steels .351 Brazing and Soldering of Stainle

19、ss Steels 369 Thermal Cutting.378 Applications.380 Safe Practices385 Bibliography.386 Supplementary Reading List.390 CHAPTER 6CLAD AND DISSIMILAR METALS393 Introduction.394 Welding Variables.395 In-Service Properties of Dissimilar-Metal Welds .403 Filler Metals.405 Welding Process Selection.412 Spec

20、ific Dissimilar Metal Combinations.413 Welding of Clad Steels432 Applications.445 Safe Practices448 Bibliography.450 Supplementary Reading List.450 CHAPTER 7SURFACING MATERIALS 453 Introduction.454 Fundamentals.454 Surfacing Variables.461 Surfacing Processes.469 Base Metals for Hardfacing491 Surfaci

21、ng Metals 498 Applications.506 Safe Practices511 Bibliography.511 Supplementary Reading List.512 CHAPTER 8CAST IRONS .513 Introduction.514 Metallurgy of Cast Irons 515 Properties of Cast Irons519ix Welding Variables 527 Joining Processes and Filler Metals 535 Other Joining Processes . 547 Surfacing

22、. 551 Applications 553 Safe Practices. 561 Conclusion 561 Bibliography 562 Supplementary Reading List 562 CHAPTER 9MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR WELDING 565 Introduction 566 Preventive Maintenance and Corrective Repair Welding 567 Systematic Planning of Repair Welding 567 Documenting the Cause of Failure.

23、574 Codes, Standards, and Specifications. 576 Establishing Repair Welding Procedures 583 Repair of Machine Components by Surfacing and Hardfacing 585 Applications 591 Safe Practices. 603 Conclusion 604 Bibliography 607 Supplementary Reading List 607 CHAPTER 10UNDERWATER WELDING AND CUTTING 609 Intro

24、duction 610 Preparation for Underwater Welding. 612 Fundamentals of Underwater Welding. 613 Dry Hyperbaric Welding 616 Underwater Wet Welding. 621 Underwater Thermal Cutting 649 Qualification of Welding Personnel . 655 Underwater Welding Codes and Specifications 656 Underwater Weld Inspection 657 Ap

25、plications 660 Safe Practices. 664 Conclusion 669 Bibliography 670 Supplementary Reading List 670 APPENDIX ASAFETY CODES AND OTHER STANDARDS 675 Publishers of Safety Codes and Other Standards . 677 APPENDIX BWELDING HANDBOOK REFERENCE GUIDE. 679 MAJOR SUBJECT INDEX 697 Volumes 3 and 4, Eighth Editio

26、n . 697 Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4, Ninth Edition . 697 INDEX OF VOLUME 4, NINTH EDITION . 719x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Welding Handbook Committee and the editors gratefully recognize the contributions of the volunteers who have created, developed, and documented the technology of welding and shared it in p

27、ast editions of the Welding Handbook, beginning with the first edition published in 1938. The enthusiasm and meticulous dedication of the authors and tech- nologists reflected in the previous eight editions of the Welding Handbook are continued in this volume of the Ninth Edition. This volume was co

28、mpiled by the members the Welding Handbook Volume 4 Committee and the WH4 Chapter Com- mittees, with oversight by the Welding Handbook Committee. Chapter committee chairs, chapter committee members, and oversight persons are recognized on the title pages of the chapters. The Welding Handbook Committ

29、ee and the editors recognize and appreciate the AWS technical committees who developed the consensus standards that pertain to this volume, and acknowledge the work of W. R. Oates and A. M. Saitta, editors of Volume 4, Eighth Edition. The Welding Handbook Committee is grateful to members of the AWS

30、Technical Activities Committee and the AWS Safety and Health Committee for their reviews of the chapters. The edi- tors appreciate the AWS Technical Services staff for their assistance during the preparation of this volume. Welding Handbook Committee Chairs, 19382011 19381942 D. S. Jacobus Circa 195

31、0 H. L. Boardman 19561958 F. L. Plummer 19581960 R. D. Stout 19601962 J. F. Randall 19621965 G. E. Claussen 19651966 H. Schwartzbart 19661967 A. Lesnewich 19671968 W. L. Burch 19681969 L. F. Lockwood 19691970 P. W. Ramsey 19701971 D. V. Wilcox 19711972 C. E. Jackson 19721975 S. Weiss 19751978 A. W.

32、Pense 19781981 W. L. Wilcox 19811984 J. R. Condra 19841987 J. R. Hannahs 19871990 M. J. Tomsic 19901992 C. W. Case 19921996 B. R. Somers 19961999 P. I. Temple 19992004 H. R. Castner 20042007 P. I. Temple 20072009 C. E. Pepper 20092011 Wangen Linxi PREFACE This is Volume 4 of the five-volume series i

33、n the Ninth Edition of the Welding Handbook. It is Materials and Applications, Part 1, presented in ten peer-reviewed chapters covering the metallurgical properties of various forms of ferrous metals and how these properties affect welding. The titles of the chapters in this book, which includes two

34、 applications chapters, indicate the variety of challenges presented to welders, designers, welding engineers, and others in the welding workplace. The ability of scientists to examine the microstructures of the metals, identify constituent elements, and determine how the properties of the metals ca

35、n be used and controlled during welding is reflected in the updated and expanded information in this book. Many of the best scientists in the welding industry from university, government or other research laboratories, metals producing companies, fabricators, consulting firms, and testing facilities

36、 have stepped forward as volunteers to update this volume. These highly regarded experts are recognized on the title pages of their respective chapters. Three basic chapters of this volume, Chapter 1, Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels; Chapter 2, High-Alloy Steels; and Chapter 5, Stainless and Heat-Resist

37、ant Steels contain detailed sections on the metallurgy, composition and properties of steels, and methods of producing high-integrity welds in carbon steels, alloy steels, and stainless steels. Different sets of welding conditions, challenges, and solutions are presented for the specialized steels r

38、epresented in Chapter 3, Coated Steels; Chapter 4, Tool and Die Steels; Chapter 6, Clad and Dissimilar Metals; Chapter 7, Surfacing Materials; and Chapter 8, Cast Irons. The chapters provide information on the composition, metallurgy, weldability, and recommended welding procedures for these metals.

39、 Two major applications are included in this volume. Chapter 9, Maintenance and Repair Welding, contains a model for a systematic approach to the sometimes difficult procedures involved in repair welding. Chapter 10, Underwater Welding and Cutting, contains critical information on producing strong,

40、durable welds, sometimes under very difficult welding conditions, for use in the severest of service conditions. A table of contents of each chapter is outlined on the cover page, along with names and affiliations of contributors of the updated information. A subject index with cross-references appe

41、ars at the end of the volume. Appendix A contains a list of safety standards and publishers. Frequent references are made to the chapters of Ninth Edition Volumes 1, 2, and 3. To avoid repetition of information published in these volumes, a reference guide is presented in Appendix B. This book follo

42、ws three previously published volumes of the Ninth Edition of the Welding Handbook: Volume 1, Welding Science and Technology, which provides prerequisite information for welding and the welding processes; Volume 2, Welding Processes, Part 1, which contains the technical details of arc welding and cu

43、tting, the gas pro- cesses, brazing, and soldering; and Volume 3, Welding Processes, Part 2, which is devoted to the resistance, solid state, and other welding processes, such as laser beam, electron beam, and ultrasonic welding. The Welding Handbook Committee welcomes your comments and suggestions.

44、 Please address them to the Editor, Weld- ing Handbook, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. www.aws.org. Wangen Lin, Chair Douglas D. Kautz, Chair Welding Handbook Committee Welding Handbook Volume 4 Committee Annette OBrien, Editor Carlos Guzman, Associate Editor Weldi

45、ng Handbookxii REVIEWERS AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE D. E. Clark Idaho National Laboratory D. A. Fink The Lincoln Electric Company S. R. Fiore Edison Welding Institute E. H. Gray U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission P. Hochanadel Los Alamos N

46、ational Laboratory J. M. Jennings Expert Services D. D. Kautz Los Alamos National Laboratory D. J. Landon Vermeer Corporation D. A. Lee Deloro Stellite Company Inc. M. J. Lucas Belcan Corporation K. A. Lyttle Praxair, Inc. D. L. McQuaid D. L. McQuaid & Associates, Incorporated D. D. Rager Rager Cons

47、ulting Incorporated A. W. Sindel Alstom Power, Inc.Thermal Systems W. J. Sperko Sperko Engineering Services M. Untermeyer Union Tank Car Company D. A. Werba Miller Electric Manufacturing Companyxiii CONTRIBUTORS WELDING HANDBOOK COMMITTEE Wangen Lin Pratt & Whitney R. W. Warke, Vice Chair LeTourneau

48、 University D. D. Kautz, 2nd Vice Chair Los Alamos National Laboratory B. J. Bastian Benmar Associates S. Moran Consultant J. H. Myers Welding Inspection & Consulting Services A. OBrien, Secretary American Welding Society C. E Pepper URS Corporation W. L. Roth The Procter & Gamble Company P. I. Temp

49、le Detroit Edison G. A. Young Dynamic Materials WELDING HANDBOOK VOLUME 4 COMMITTEE D. D. Kautz, Chair Los Alamos National Laboratory A. OBrien, Secretary American Welding Society R. W. Warke LeTourneau University D. E. Williams Consulting Engineer G. A. Young Dynamic Materials CHAPTER CHAIRS Chapter 1 R. W. Warke LeTourneau University Chapter 2 D. J. Kotecki Damian Kotecki Welding Consultants Chapter 3 G. W. Dallin GalvInfo Center Chapter 4 G. A. Knight Chrysler Corporation (Retired) Chapter 5 T. J. Lienert Los Alamos National Labo