ASTM E473-2011a 9375 Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology《与热分析和流变学相关的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E473 11aStandard Terminology Relating toThermal Analysis and Rheology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par

2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of termsused in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis andrheology. This terminology includes

3、only those terms for whichASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. Itis not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related tothermal analysis and rheology.1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-wordform for terms using thermo as a prefix, such as thermoana-

4、lytical or thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that forsome terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermalanalysis. This terminology does not support, nor does itrecommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-wordform using thermal as a prefix, such as, thermalanalytical orthermalmagnet

5、ometry.1.3 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a Discussion area. It is reviewed every fiveyears.2. Terminologyadiabatic, adjno heat exchange with the surroundings.calorimeter, napparatus for measuring quantities of ab-sorbed or evolved bined, adjthe applicatio

6、n of two or more techniques todifferent samples at the same time.controlled-rate thermal analysis (CRTA), na family oftechniques that monitors the temperature versus time profileneeded to maintain a chosen, fixed rate of change of aproperty of a substance.DISCUSSIONCompared to controlled-temperature

7、 experiments,where the reaction rate tends to increase exponentially and the rate canbecome limited by heat or mass transfer, CRTA experiments are morelikely to involve the chemical reaction as the limiting step. Thistechnique can also improve the resolution of multiple reactions. Forexample, in con

8、trolled rate experiments, power to the furnace iscontrolled to ensure a fixed rate of mass loss (or gain).controlled-temperature program, nthe temperature historyexperienced by a sample during the course of a thermalanalysis experiment.DISCUSSIONIn contrast to controlled-rate experiments, power to t

9、hefurnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rate of temperature change forcontrolled-temperature experiments. The program may include heatingor cooling segments in which the temperature is changed at a fixed rate,isothermal segments in which time becomes the explicit independentvariable, or any sequen

10、ce of these individual segments. If the atmo-sphere (or vacuum) around the sample is changed by some externalaction (depending on the independent variable onlytemperature ortime) during the course of the experiment, that too becomes part of thecontrolled-temperature program.curve, thermal, nthe plot

11、 of a dependent parameter againstan independent parameter such as temperature or time.dielectric analysis (DEA), na technique in which the dielec-tric constant (permittivity or capacitance) and dielectric loss(conductance) of a substance under oscillating electric fieldare measured as a function of

12、temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature programin a specified atmosphere.derivative, adjpertaining to the first derivative (mathemati-cal) of any curve with respect to temperature or time.differential, adjpertaining to a difference in measured ormeasurable qua

13、ntities usually between a substance and somereference or standard material.differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), na technique inwhich the heat flow difference into a substance and areference material is measured as a function of temperaturewhile the substance and reference material are subjected

14、to acontrolled-temperature program.DISCUSSIONThe record is the differential scanning calorimetric orDSC curve. Two modes, power compensation differential scanningcalorimetry, and heat flux differential scanning calorimetry can bedistinguished, depending on the method of measurement used.differential

15、 thermal analysis (DTA), na technique in whichthe temperature difference between the substance and areference material is measured as a function of temperature,while the substance and reference material are subjected to acontrolled-temperature program.DISCUSSIONThe term quantitative differential the

16、rmal analysiscovers those uses of DTA where the equipment is designed to producequantitative results.dilatometry, nsee thermodilatometry.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 onThermal Measurements and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.03 onNomenclature an

17、d Definitions.Current edition approved June 15, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E473 11. DOI:10.1520/E0473-11A.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.dynamic m

18、echanical analysis (DMA), na technique inwhich the storage modulus (elastic response) and lossmodulus (viscous response) of a substance under oscillatoryload is measured as a function of temperature, time, orfrequency of oscillation, while the substance is subjected toa controlled-temperature progra

19、m in a specified atmosphere.endotherm, nIn thermal analysis, the thermal record of atransition where heat is absorbed by the specimen.evolved gas analysis (EGA), na technique in which thenature or amount, or both, of gas or vapor evolved by asubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program

20、.DISCUSSIONSome specific forms of EGA have become establishedfor investigating different aspects of catalysis, such as reduction,oxidation, or desorption. In this context, EGA in a hydrogen atmo-sphere is known as temperature-programmed reduction (TPR); EGA inan oxygen atmosphere is temperature-prog

21、rammed oxidation (TPO);and EGA in the absence of decomposition, in an inert atmosphere orvacuum, is temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). For eachtechnique the method used for gas identification and quantificationshould always be clearly stated.evolved gas detection, (EGD), nsee evolved gas analy

22、sis.extrapolated onset value, nthe value of the independentparameter found by extrapolating the dependent parameterbaseline prior to the event and a tangent constructed at theinflection point on the leading edge to their intersection.first-deviation-from baseline , nthe value of the indepen-dent par

23、ameter at which a deflection is first observed fromthe established dependent parameter baseline prior to theevent.high-pressure (HP.), adja prefix for different thermoana-lytical techniques in which the pressure in the apparatus isabove ambient.DISCUSSIONAs an example, high-pressure thermogravimetri

24、c analy-sis is designated HPTGA.isoperibol, adjto maintain constant surroundings.DISCUSSIONFor calorimeters, if only the surroundings are isother-mal, the mode of operation is isoperibol. In isoperibol calorimeters, thetemperature changes with time, governed by the thermal resistancebetween the calo

25、rimeter and surroundings.isothermal, adjat constant temperature.modulated temperature, adja prefix applied to the tech-nique named to indicate that temperature modulation hasbeen applied to the temperature program.DISCUSSIONAs an example, a DSC experiment carried out with amodulated temperature prog

26、ram would be Modulated TemperatureDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (MTDSC).DISCUSSIONOther modulated techniques are possible, such asmodulated force TMA.DISCUSSIONThe use of the prefix MT is preferred to TM.nonreversing, adjin modulated temperature experiments,responding to the value of the tempera

27、ture or time, or both.onset point (temperature or time), nthe temperature ortime at which a deflection is first observed from theestablished baseline prior to the thermal event.peak, nthat portion of a thermal curve characterized by adeviation from the established baseline, a maximum depen-dent para

28、meter deflection, and a reestablishment of a base-line not necessarily identical to that before the peak.peak value, nthe value of the independent parameter corre-sponding to the maximum (or minimum) deflection from thebaseline of the dependent parameter curve.pulse, na transient step-hold-return va

29、riation of a parameterthat is normally constant where the intensity and duration arespecified.reversing, adjin modulated temperature experiments, re-sponding to the rate of change of the temperature.rheometer, nan instrument for measuring rheological prop-erties with a controlled temperature, shear

30、rate, or stressprogram.rheometry, na technique in which viscosity, storage modu-lus, and loss modulus of a material are measured as afunction of temperature, time, shear rate, or stress while thematerial is subjected to controlled temperature, shear rate, orstress program.simultaneous, adjthe applic

31、ation of two or more techniquesto the same sample at the same time.DISCUSSIONA hyphen is used to separate the abbreviations of thetechniques; for example, simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis anddifferential scanning calorimetry would be TGA-DSC.stochastic, adjrandom.tan d, nis the dimensionless

32、ratio of energy lost to energyreturned during one cycle of a periodic process. Tan d isnormally calculated by dividing the loss component of theproperty measured by a periodic method by the storagecomponent (for example, tan d = E”/E as used in DMA).thermal analysis (TA), na group of techniques in w

33、hich aphysical property of a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program.thermally stimulated current (TSC) analysis, na techniquein which the current generated when dipoles change theiralignment in a substance is meas

34、ured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.DISCUSSIONThe technique can be applied in several ways: forexample; the substance can be pre-conditioned by heating and coolingin a nonoscillating electric field to

35、create aligned, frozen dipoles. Thesubstance may then generate a thermally stimulated current duringsubsequent heating with no field applied.thermoanalytical, adjof, or pertaining to, thermal analysis.thermodilatometry, na technique in which a dimension of asubstance under negligible load is measure

36、d as a function oftemperature while the substance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.DISCUSSIONLinear thermodilatometry and volume thermodilatom-etry are distinguished on the basis of the dimension measured.thermogravimetry (TG), nsee thermogravimetric analy-s

37、is.E473 11a2thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), na technique in whichthe mass of a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.DISCUSSIONThe record is the thermogravimetric or TG curve.thermomag

38、netometry, na family of thermoanalytical tech-niques in which a magnetic characteristic of a substance ismeasured as a function of temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature programin a specified atmosphere.DISCUSSIONThermogravimetric analysis with a magnetic fie

39、ld act-ing on the specimen is the most common example.thermomechanical analysis (TMA), na technique in whichthe deformation of a substance under nonoscillatory load ismeasured as a function of temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature programin a specified atmos

40、phere.DISCUSSIONThe load on the substance may be compressive, tensile,flexural, or torsional. When the applied load is too low to causedeformation, TMA measures a dimension of the substance and in thismode is called thermodilatometry.thermomicroscopy, nsee thermoptometry.thermoptometry, na family of

41、 techniques in which anoptical characteristic of a substance is measured as afunction of temperature or time while the substance issubjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specifiedatmosphere.DISCUSSIONMeasurement of total light, light of specific wave-length(s), refractive index, and lumi

42、nescence leads, respectively, tothermophotometry, thermospectrometry, thermorefractometry, and ther-moluminescence. Observations under the microscope lead to thermo-microscopy.viscometer, nan instrument for measuring viscosity at fixedtemperature, shear rate, or stress.viscometry, na technique in wh

43、ich viscosity of a material ismeasured at fixed temperature, shear rate, or stress.3. Keywords3.1 definitions; rheology; terminology; thermal analysisASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. User

44、s of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every

45、five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technica

46、l committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,

47、 PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E473 11a3