ASTM E1542-2018 Standard Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and Safety《职业健康安全标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E1542 10E1542 18Standard TerminologyRelating to Occupational Health and Safety1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1542; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num

2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The terms in this standard are used in the fields of occupational health and of safety. The terms are used to describe the limitsof exposu

3、re under different conditions, the meanings of terms used in describing events and the types of items measured. They willcommonly be used to express the effect of an event or the limit of a chemical exposure on human beings.This terminology standardprovides a compilation of consensus definitions of

4、terms used in ASTM occupational safety and health standards.1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather it defines terms relevant to occupationalhealth and safety.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with

5、its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized princip

6、les on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass

7、ProductsE591E1132 Practice for Safety and Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to OzoneRespirable CrystallineSilica (Withdrawn 1990)E1575 Practice for Pressure Water Cleaning and CuttingE2238 Guide for Evacuation Route DiagramsE752E2349 Practice for Safety and Health Requirements Re

8、lating to Occupational Exposure to Carbon DisulfideRequirementsin Metal Casting Operations: Sand Preparation, Molding, and Core Making; Melting and Pouring; and Cleaning and Finishing(Withdrawn 1995)E848E2350 Guide for Safety and Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to Water-Insolub

9、le ChromatesInte-gration of Ergonomics/Human Factors into New Occupational SystemsE2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and OperationsE849E2565 Practice for Guide for Consensus-based Process for an Occupational Safety and Health Requirements Relating toStandard that Includes an Occupational Expo

10、sure to AsbestosGuideline (Withdrawn 1991)E1132E2625 Practice for Health Requirements Relating to Controlling Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silicafor Construction and Demolition ActivitiesE1156E2875 Practice for Health Requirements for Occupational Exposure to Synthetic Amorphous S

11、ilicaGuide for PersonalProtective Equipment for the Handling of Flat Glass (Withdrawn 1999)E2523E2920 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and OperationsGuide for Recording Occupational Injuries and IllnessesF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing3. Terminology3.1 Health and safety terms sp

12、ecific to metalworking fluids and the metalworking environment are found inTerminology E2523.3.2 Generic Terms and theirTheir Definitions:1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.01 onTer

13、minology.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010Feb. 1, 2018. Published September 2010February 2018. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20042010as E1542 - 93E1542 10.(2004). DOI: 10.1520/E1542-10.10.1520/E1542-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.as

14、tm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what c

15、hanges have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the of

16、ficial document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.1 ceiling limitan exposure which shall not be exceeded during any part of the workday. If instantaneous monitoring is notfeasible, then the ceiling limit shall be ass

17、essed as a 15-min time-weighted average exposure which shall not be exceeded at anytime over a working day, except for substances which cause immediate irritation upon short exposure.3.2.2 occupational exposure limit XXXXX, “generic”the maximum time weighted time-weighted average (TWA) concentra-tio

18、n to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly subjected for a normal 8- to 10-h workday, 40-h workweek, without knownadverse health effects.3.2.3 short-term exposure limit (STEL)the 15-min time-weighted average exposure which shall not be exceeded at any timeduring a work day, workday, even if the

19、 Occupational Exposure Limitoccupational exposure limit is not exceeded. Exposuresabove the Occupational Exposure Limitoccupational exposure limit up to the STEL should not be longer than 15 min 15 min andshould not occur more than 4four times per day. The minimum interval between these exposures sh

20、ould be 60 min.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe phrase “nearly all workers” only excludes those who are hyper-sensitivehypersensitive to substance exposure or who haveknown medical conditions which may be aggravated by substance exposure.Thus, most workers are included in the group in whichno adverse health ef

21、fects are expected. The phrase “a normal 88- to 10 h 10-h workday, 40-h workweek” refers to the type of workbeing done, that is, what is usually done from one week to the next or one day to the next. It does not refer to length of workingtime as being the major consideration.The following specified

22、periods of time must be addressed either by determining a value or by stating the “time” is notaddressed:a) workday (number of hours specified)(1) Workday (number of hours specified),(2) Workweek (number of hours specified),(3) Lifetime (that is, cumulative), and(4) Very short-term maximum (for exam

23、ple, short-term exposure limit, ceiling, etc.).b) workweek (number of hours specified)c) lifetime (that is, cumulative)d) very short term maximum (for example, short-term exposure limit, ceiling, etc.)Other specified periods of time may be addressed.3.3 Terminology Based on Existing E34 Standards:3.

24、3.1 finishing, vattainment of a desired surface finish or finish characteristics by such means as abrasive impingement,grinding, or polishing. E23493.3.2 fixed barrier guard, nsecurely attached physical barrier, not readily removable, that prevents entry of any part of thebody into the hazard zone b

25、y reaching through, over, under, or around the barrier. E23493.3.3 flame detector, ndevice which senses the absence or presence of flame, for the purpose of controlling fuel line valves.E23493.3.4 flask, ncontainer, without top or bottom, used to contain the sand or other media while it is being for

26、med. It is madein two or more parts; the lower part is called the “drag” and the upper part is called the “cope.” Intermediate sections, if any, arecalled “cheeks.” E23493.3.5 flask lifting device, nchains, rods, bails, cables, slings, and other materials used to support a load such as a flask fortu

27、rning, inverting, or transporting. E23493.3.6 flat glass, ngeneral term covering glass in its annealed state, such as sheet glass, lite of glass, float glass, various formsof rolled glass, and raw products derived from glass. E28753.3.6.1 DiscussionThis definition is not intended to apply to heat-te

28、mpered or laminated glass products. With heat-tempered or laminated glassproducts, refer to your local risk assessment.3.3.7 fuel-fired equipment (enclosed), nspecially heated chamber such as core oven, drying oven, thermal sand reclamation,sand heater, or annealing oven. E23493.3.8 jamming (hooking

29、), vjamming (hooking) occurs when the work rest becomes improperly adjusted to such an extent thatthe work piece is pulled between the abrasive wheel and the leading edge of the work rest by the grinding action of the wheel,resulting in possible injury to personnel. E23493.3.8.1 DiscussionE1542 182J

30、amming (hooking) should not be confused with the use of work rest mounted tooling, pins, or pressure bars.3.3.9 job, nset of tasks performed by one or more workers. E23503.3.10 knowledge base, norganized body of information applicable to the integration of ergonomics into new occupationalsystems inc

31、luding both general ergonomic resources, such as those found in the Bibliography, and the experiences of theorganization. E23503.3.11 knowledge base, general, nergonomics textbooks, guidelines, recommendations, reports of other companiesergonomics programs, and so forth. E23503.3.12 knowledge base,

32、internal, norganized account of the organizations positive and negative experiences withoccupational processes. E23503.3.13 knowledge base, project, nworking collection of experiences for the current project in which decisions made at eachstage are added to the project knowledge base for use at late

33、r design stages, and after the completion of a project, the projectknowledge base is integrated into the internal knowledge base. E23503.3.14 occupational exposure limit to asbestosthe maximum time weighted time-weighted average (TWA) number ofasbestiform fibers to which nearly all workers may be re

34、peatedly subjected over a normal day or a 40-h week and the peak numberof asbestiform fibers to which an individual may be subjected during 15 min or less, without known adverse health effects. Lifetimeexposure is based on 99 % probability of protecting all workers from acquiring clinically signific

35、ant disease for a working life of50 years. E8493.3.15 occupational exposure limit to carbon disulfidethe maximum time weighted time-weighted average (TWA) of carbondisulfide to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly subjected over a normal 8-h day or a 40-h week, the ceiling concentrationof carb

36、on disulfide or the maximum peak above ceiling concentration of carbon disulfide that cannot be exceeded, without knownadverse health effects. Lifetime exposure is undefined. E7523.3.16 occupational exposure limit to ozonethe maximum time weighted time-weighted average (TWA) of ozone to whichnearly

37、all workers may be repeatedly subjected over a normal 8-h day or a 40-h week or the ceiling limit of ozone that cannot beexceeded, without known adverse health effects. Lifetime exposure is undefined. E5913.3.17 occupational exposure limit to quartz dustthe maximum time weighted time-weighted averag

38、e (TWA) concentrationof respirable quartz particles to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly subjected over a normal 10-h day or a 40-h weekwithout known adverse health effects. Ceiling and lifetime exposures are undefined. E11323.3.18 occupational exposure limit to synthetic amorphous silicath

39、e maximum time weighted time-weighted average (TWA)concentration of respirable synthetic amorphous silica to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly subjected over a normal 8-hday or a 40-h week without known adverse health effects. Ceiling and lifetime exposures are undefined. E11563.3.19 occupa

40、tional exposure limit to water-insoluble chromatesthe maximum time weighted time-weighted average (TWA)concentration of water-insoluble chromates as chromium to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly subjected over a normal8-h day or a 40-h week without known adverse health effects. Ceiling and

41、lifetime exposures are undefined. E8483.3.20 reactive metal, nany metal that is readily oxidized with the release of large quantities of heat. E23493.3.21 runout pit, npit placed below or in front of a furnace, or both, to receive molten material in an emergency. E23494. Bibliography4.1 Code of Fede

42、ral Regulations (CFR)29 CFR 1910.1000 (US) Threshold Limit Values and Biological ExposureIndicesAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsBIBLIOGRAPHY(1) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)29 CFR 1910.1000 (U.S.) Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure IndicesAmerican Confer-ence

43、 of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional stan

44、dardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Comm

45、ittee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveE1542

46、 183address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.E1542 184