ASTM D7069-2004(2010) 5000 Standard Guide for Field Quality Assurance in a Groundwater Sampling Event《地下水取样中现场质量保证的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: D7069 04 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Guide forField Quality Assurance in a Ground-water Sampling Event1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7069; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o

2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the quality assurance (QA) methodsthat may be used to assure the validity of data obtained duringt

3、he sampling of a ground-water monitoring well. QA is anyaction taken to ensure that performance requirements are metby following standards and procedures. Following QA prac-tices becomes even more critical if the data must be validatedin a court of law. Under certain conditions, it may be necessaryt

4、o follow additional or different QA practices from those listedin this guide. QA practices should be based upon data qualityobjectives, site-specific conditions, and regulatory require-ments.1.2 This standard addresses QA procedures used in the fieldand does not refer to laboratory QA procedures1.3

5、This standard also does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This stan

6、dard provides guidance for selecting andperforming various field QA procedures. This document cannotreplace education or experience and should be used in con-junction with professional judgement. Not all of the proceduresare applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to repre

7、sent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through

8、the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5608 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Low Level Radioactive Waste SitesD59

9、03 Guide for Planning and Preparing for a GroundwaterSampling EventD6089 Guide for Documenting a Ground-Water SamplingEventD6452 Guide for Purging Methods for Wells Used forGround-Water Quality InvestigationsD6517 Guide for Field Preservation of Ground-WaterSamplesD6564 Guide for Field Filtration of

10、 Ground-Water SamplesD6771 Practice for Low-Flow Purging and Sampling forWells and Devices Used for Ground-Water Quality Inves-tigations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this speci-fication, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: N

11、ote thatthese are basic definitions. Information on the purposes of thevarious QA samples is provided in section 5.3.2.1 quality assurance (QA)actions taken to ensure thatstandards and procedures are adhered to and that deliveredproducts or services meet performance requirements (reference1).3.2.2 F

12、ield Duplicatesa set of samples that are collectedclose in time and space and in a manner so that the samples arethought to be representative of the ambient water compositionat the time of collection.3.2.3 Field Split Samples samples obtained by dividingone sample into two or more subsamples either

13、before or aftersample preservation and are subject to identical handling andanalysis.3.2.4 Field Blank or Ambient Blanklaboratory water thatis exposed to the same environmental conditions as thesamples.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct respo

14、nsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D706904. DOI:10.1520/D7069-04R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websit

15、e, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States

16、.3.2.5 Equipment Blank or Rinsate Blankdeionized waterthat is passed sequentially through each component of theequipment system used for collecting and processing theenvironmental samples.3.2.6 Trip Blank or Travel Blanklaboratory-grade waterthat is poured into the sample bottle at the laboratory pr

17、ior tothe sampling event and remains unopened as is travels with thesample containers to the field and is stored and shipped withthe samples.3.2.7 Microbiological Blank or Sterile Container Blankdeionized water in a sterile container that is taken to the fieldand opened prior to being shipped to the

18、 laboratory with theother ground-water samples.3.2.8 Temperature Blank or Temperature Controlcontainerized water that is kept with the samples from the timeof collection until the samples are refrigerated at the laboratory.3.2.9 Matrix Spikea ground-water sample to which aspike solution of known con

19、centrations of selected analytes isadded either in the field or in the laboratory.4. Significance and Use4.1 Field QA demonstrates the effectiveness of field qualitycontrol procedures. Effective QA facilitates the collection ofstatistically significant data that is defendable scientifically andin a

20、court of law. QA also involves the use of consistentprocedures, increasing the validity of data comparison amongsampling locations and events.4.2 This guide should be used by a professional or techni-cian who has training or experience in ground-water sampling.5. Procedure5.1 Field QA Samples. There

21、 are several types of QAsamples including duplicates, blanks, temperature controls, andmatrix spikes. The numbers and types of QA samples to becollected should be specified in the Sampling and AnalysisPlan (SAP). QA samples that are collected from monitoringwells should be obtained using the same me

22、thod of collectionas the other samples. The same preservatives should be usedfor both the ground-water samples and the associated QAground-water samples.5.1.1 Field duplicateThe field duplicate is an independentsample collected as close as possible to the location of a samplethat is part of the samp

23、ling scheme at approximately the sametime as the sampling scheme sample. It is a widely acceptedpractice to collect one set of field duplicates for every tensamples or at least one set per sampling event if less than tensamples are collected. The field duplicate is analyzed for thesame parameters as

24、 the original sample and therefore maycomprise a set of sample containers. Duplicates should becollected in the same order each time, such as following thecollection of the original ground-water sample. This QAsample is used to assess the analytical precision by comparingthe relative percent differe

25、nce in values between the sampleconcentration and the sample duplicate concentration. The fieldduplicate sample results are also an indication of the reproduc-ibility of the sampling procedures.5.1.2 Field Split SamplesField split samples are collectedinto a single container, then split between two

26、or morecontainers. Splits should not be taken when the action ofsplitting could affect the concentration of the analyte(s) ofinterest. Results of split sample analyses can be used tocompare the data generated by different laboratories or differ-ent analytical methods.5.1.3 Field Blank or Ambient Bla

27、nkThis type of QAsample is a container of laboratory water which is opened inthe field to expose the water to field conditions duringsampling. This QA sample is used to determine contaminationof samples from atmospheric conditions during sampling. Thelid is also removed to add the same preservatives

28、 found in theground-water samples. Some QA programs may also requirethe field blank be passed through the sampling equipment.5.1.4 Equipment Blank or Rinsate BlankThis type of QAsample is a container of laboratory water that is passed througheach piece of sampling equipment after it has been deconta

29、mi-nated. The number of equipment blanks is determined by thetypes and amount of sampling equipment used in the ground-water sampling trip. The exact number of equipment blanksand the procedure for collecting the equipment blank(s) shouldbe specified in the SAP. Equipment blank results indicate if t

30、hecontaminants have been introduced to the samples by thetransfer of residuals on the sampling equipment betweensampling locations due to incomplete decontamination. Equip-ment blanks are not required if dedicated or disposablesampling equipment is used.5.1.5 Trip Blank or Travel BlankTrip blanks ar

31、e preparedand sealed in the laboratory prior to the sampling event. Theseblanks contain laboratory water with preservatives as required.The blanks are not unsealed until they are ready to be analyzed.Trip blanks accompany the other sample containers throughoutthe sampling event including transport t

32、o and storage at thelaboratory. Results of trip blank analyses indicate contamina-tion that may have been introduced by the sample container orduring sample handling, shipment, or storage.5.1.6 Microbiological Blank or Sterile Container BlankThis blank is used when ground-water samples are collected

33、for bacteriological tests. A sterile container with deionizedwater is taken to the field and opened prior to being shipped tothe laboratory with the other ground-water samples. No pre-servatives are added to this type of blank. Some QA programsmay also require the microbiological blank be passed thr

34、oughthe sampling equipment. Results of microbiological blankanalyses are used to determine if microorganisms are intro-duced to the samples during handling, shipment, and storage.5.1.7 Temperature Blank or Temperature ControlThisblank is containerized water that is kept with the samples fromthe time

35、 of collection until the samples are refrigerated at thelaboratory. One temperature blank should be included in eachshipping container. The laboratory will then use this control toverify the temperature of the ground-water samples so that theother samples need not be tampered with for this purpose.M

36、easuring the temperature of these blanks is used to determineif the temperature requirements for samples were met duringshipping.5.1.8 Matrix Spikehis QA sample involves the collectionof another sample at an already established sampling pointusing the procedures described for the field duplicate. Th

37、evolume and number of matrix spike samples varies dependingD7069 04 (2010)2on the type(s) of sample parameter(s) that are analyzed. Matrixspike sample results are used to determine if the results arebiased (such as by interference in the measurement of onechemical by the presence of another or by tu

38、rbidity) for aparticular sample matrix. Matrix spike duplicates are also takenat the location of the matrix spike. They are collected using thesame procedures as the matrix spike. Matrix spike duplicatesare used by the laboratory to assess the analytical precisionwhile analyzing a given sample matri

39、x. Requirements formatrix spikes and matrix spike duplicates are dictated by thelab QA program.5.2 Procedures Affecting the Quality and Consistency ofSamples. There are many procedures performed during aground-water sampling event that can affect the consistencyand quality of the data. Field procedu

40、res for ground-watersampling should be documented in a sampling and analysisplan (SAP). Field QA practices should facilitate meeting thedata quality objectives. The sampling plan should be kept up todate to reflect any changes in on-site conditions or procedures.The sampler should be familiar with t

41、he procedures outlined inthe SAP prior to the sampling event and should have a copyavailable in the field. Established procedures for collecting thesamples, documenting field procedures (Guide D6089), anddecontaminating the equipment (Practice D5088 and PracticesD5608) should be followed to yield va

42、lid data. Use ofconsistent procedures over time facilitates valid comparison ofchanges in ground-water chemistry over time. Most or all ofthe procedures that follow should be addressed in the SAP, andare those that can affect the data quality.5.2.1 Contact the laboratory to coordinate sampling and t

43、hecollection of QA samples prior to sampling. On some projects,an additional person may be designated as the liaison betweenthe laboratory and the project manager during the samplingevent to ensure that samples are being handled, collected, andshipped according to QA procedures.5.2.2 Conduct real-ti

44、me documentation of all samplingactivities (Guide D6089) including a record of all QA samplescollected.5.2.3 Wear clean personal protective equipment (PPE) andchange PPE that could affect the samples between samplingpoints.5.2.4 Ensure that all sampling equipment is calibrated andin good working con

45、dition.5.2.5 Determine holding times prior to sampling. Samplesshould be collected and shipped so that the laboratory extrac-tions and analyses can be performed within the holding times.Holding times begin when the sample is collected, not whenthe samples reach the laboratory.5.2.6 Purge the monitor

46、ing well prior to ground-watersample collection using the procedures recommended inGuides D6452 and D6771.5.2.7 Label sampling bottles in a consistent manner. Ensurethat the integrity of the labels will be maintained until thesamples are analyzed.5.2.8 Collect samples in the order prescribed in the

47、SAP.The SAP may specify the order of filling containers at eachwell and may also specify in what order to sample the wells. Ifnot specified, if there is some knowledge of the ground-waterchemistry it is generally a good procedure to sample wells fromthe least to the most contaminated to minimize pos

48、siblecross-contamination.5.2.9 Follow the field filtration and preservation proceduresoutlined in Guide D6564. Filtration and preservation should beperformed the same way for each sample and for eachsampling event.5.2.10 Follow decontamination procedures specified in theSAP and in Guide D5088.5.2.11

49、 Document collected samples on the appropriate chainof custody forms and any other forms required by the shipperor laboratory. Before a group of samples is shipped, makecopies of all forms in case any of the forms are lost ordamaged.6. Keywords6.1 ground-water sampling; quality assurance; sampling andanalysis planASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and