ASTM D5658-1995(2006) Standard Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Waste From Trucks《卡车未固结废弃物取样的标准规范》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 5658 95 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forSampling Unconsolidated Waste From Trucks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5658; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev

2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers several methods for collectingwaste samples from trucks. These methods are adapted spe-cifically for sam

3、pling unconsolidated solid wastes in bulk loadsusing several types of sampling equipment.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practice

4、s and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 forspecific precautionary statements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD 5088 Practices for Decontam

5、ination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assur-ance and Quality Control Planning and ImplementationD 5633 Practice for Sampling with a Scoop3. Terminology3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This

6、 Standard:3.1.1 authoritative samplinga sample selected withoutregard to randomization.3.1.2 paperworkall required documentation, which mayinclude manifests, waste profiles, sample labels, site forms, etc.3.1.3 screening analysisa preliminary qualitative or semi-quantitative test that is designed to

7、 give the user rapid andspecific information about a waste that will aid in determiningwaste identification, process compatibility, and safety in han-dling.3.1.4 unconsolidatedfor solid material, the characteristicof being uncemented or uncompacted, or both, and easilyseparated into smaller particle

8、s.3.1.5 waste profilespecific information about the wasteincluding its properties and composition, chemical constitu-ents, waste codes, transportation information, etc.3.1.6 work plana plan specific to a particular site, forconducting activities specified in the plan.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The tr

9、uck and its contents are inspected and appropriatesampling equipment is selected. A clean sampling device isthen used to scoop, core, or auger into the waste material. Thesample or samples are collected and transferred to a samplecontainer. The sampling device is then cleaned and decontami-nated or

10、disposed of.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for use in the waste manage-ment industries to collect samples of unconsolidated wastefrom trucks. The sampling procedures described are generaland should be used in conjunction with a site-specific workplan.5.2 The purpose of collecti

11、ng waste samples directly from atruck (rather than the waste source) is to verify (usually withscreening analyses) that the waste contained in the truck is thesame or similar material from a waste source that has beenpreviously characterized and approved for treatment or dis-posal, or both.6. Safety

12、 Precautions6.1 Safety precautions must always be observed whensampling waste. The work plan must include a Worker Healthand Safety section, because there are potential hazards associ-ated with working around trucks as well as their potentiallyhazardous contents.6.2 Truck sampling should be conducte

13、d from a properlydesigned platform to allow the sampler to safely access thetruck bed with a minimum of difficulty.7. Sampling Design7.1 Truck sampling can be conducted for many differentpurposes. It is important that the purpose be integrated into thesample design. If the purpose of sampling is to

14、characterize the1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 onSampling Techniques.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published October 2006. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved

15、 in 2001 as D 5658 95(2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 10

16、0 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.waste, the sample should be collected from the waste sourceduring the loading or unloading of the truck. This allows accessto all portions of the material in the truck. If the purpose is todetermine if the material in

17、the truck conforms to a wasteprofile (that is, waste material that has previously been char-acterized), then a less rigorous sampling approach can be used.Because of the difficulties of sampling the material in the truckin situ, (authoritative) grab samples are usually collected fromthe top portion

18、of the material and subjected to screening typeanalysis. This method will quickly demonstrate that thesampled material (top portion) does or does not match thewaste profile.7.2 Awork plan should be prepared describing the samplinglocations, number of samples, depth of sampling and type ofsampling eq

19、uipment (see Practice D 5283 and Guide D 4687).NOTE 1Because of limited access to the truck bed for sampling, thesamples collected are usually near-surface samples. There is a possibilitythat the material in the middle or on the bottom of the bed is different.8. Pre-Sampling8.1 Basic Pre-Sampling Pr

20、actices:8.1.1 Review all paperwork.8.1.2 Access the truck by way of the sampling platform sothat the waste can be visually inspected to confirm agreementwith the paperwork and identify any obvious discrepancies(such as free liquids, etc.).8.2 Sampling Equipment:8.2.1 Selection:8.2.1.1 Select the sam

21、pling equipment and sample contain-ers appropriate for the waste in the truck, in accordance withthe work plan or site-specific procedure. See Guide D 4687 forinformation on sample container selection.8.2.1.2 The sampling equipment, sample preparation equip-ment, sample containers, etc., must be cle

22、an, dry, and inert tothe material being sampled. Before use, all equipment includ-ing sample containers shall be inspected to ensure they areclear of obvious dirt and contamination and are in goodworking condition. Visible contamination shall be removed,and the equipment shall be decontaminated with

23、 the appropri-ate rinse materials. Prior to use, all cleaned equipment shouldbe protected from contamination.8.2.2 Materials of Construction:8.2.2.1 Sampling devices are usually made of stainless steel,brass, or aluminum.8.2.2.2 Sample containers should be made of plastic, glass,or other nonreactive

24、 materials (see Guide D 4687).8.3 Generic Equipment ListThe following is a generalidentification of equipment required for sampling unconsoli-dated waste from trucks.8.3.1 Scoop, with extension handle.8.3.2 Trier.8.3.3 Auger.8.3.4 Concentric tube thief, single slot, split tube, Missouritrier.8.3.5 T

25、hin-walled tube.8.3.6 Barrel auger.8.3.7 Sample collection sheet.8.3.8 Sample containers, with lids and liners.8.3.9 Chain of custody forms.8.3.10 Paperwork and site forms.8.3.11 Sample labels.8.3.12 Cloths or wipes.9. Sampling9.1 Basic Sampling Practices:9.1.1 Access the truck by way of the samplin

26、g platform andcollect the required number of samples using techniques inaccordance with 9.2.9.1.2 Place the collected material in a sample container.9.1.3 Close the sample container.9.1.4 Wipe the outside of the sample container. Dispose ofthe wipe cloth properly.9.1.5 Note on site forms all relevan

27、t conditions and physicalcharacteristics associated with the collection of the sample.9.1.6 Fill out all required paperwork for each sample, asrequired by the work plan.9.1.7 Complete and attach the label to the side of the samplecontainer after the sample has been collected.9.2 Sampling with a Conc

28、entric Tube Thief:9.2.1 General DescriptionThis device consists of twotubes, one fitting snugly inside the other (see Fig. 1). Thebottom end of the outer tube is fitted with a point. Oblong holesare cut through both tubes. The holes are opened or closed byrotating the inner tube. Concentric tube sam

29、plers are commer-cially available up to 6 ft (1.8 m) long and several inches(centimeters) in diameter.9.2.2 Concentric tube samples have a limited application forsampling trucks. Materials that are not free-flowing such asthose that are hard packed, moist, or finely powdered will notenter this type

30、of sampler under normal field conditions.Sampling of materials containing granules or particles exceed-ing one third of the slot width should not be attempted becausebridging may occur.9.2.3 Insert the tube into the material and push with uniformforce to the bottom of the truck or until refusal. Rot

31、ate theconcentric tubes to the open position, thereby allowing thesample to flow into the inner tube. Wiggle the sampler severaltimes and rotate the tubes to the closed position. Withdraw thesampler. Place the sampling device immediately over a samplecollection sheet and release the sample by rotati

32、ng the concen-tric tubes to the open position. A sample can normally beremoved from the thief with a spatula or similar instrument(reamer) and placed in the sample container.9.3 Sampling with a Thin-Walled Tube Sampler:9.3.1 General DescriptionTube samplers may vary inlength, diameter, and material

33、of construction (see Fig. 2). TheFIG. 1 Concentric Tube ThiefD 5658 95 (2006)2material to be sampled must be of a physical consistency(cohesive solid material) to be cored and retrieved with thetube. Materials with particles larger than one third of the innerdiameter of the tube should not be sample

34、d with that particulardevice. The length of the tube will depend on the desiredsampling depth (see Guide D 4700). The tube is attached to alength of solid or tubular rod. The upper end of this rod isthreaded to accept a handle or extension rods. This sampler canbe used to collect samples of unconsol

35、idated clay-like materi-als.9.3.2 The tube sampler is pushed into the material to besampled by applying downward force on the units handle.Once the sampler has reached the bottom of the samplinginterval, it is twisted to break the continuity at the tip. Thesampler is pulled from the material and the

36、 sample is extrudedinto the sample container. Samples are extruded by forcing arod through the tube.9.4 Sampling with a Trier Sampler:9.4.1 General DescriptionThe trier is a metal or plastictube from which one third to one half of the wall of the tube hasbeen removed to form a slot along its entire

37、length (see Fig. 3).This device can be up to 4 ft long (1.2 m) and should have asharp, angled point at its lower end. The material to be sampledmust have a physical consistency like a soil or similarfine-grained cohesive material. Sampling procedures can befound in Practice D 5451.9.4.2 The trier is

38、 pushed vertically into the material androtated one or two times to cut a core. The core is pulled out ofthe hole and removed from the trier with a spatula or similarinstrument and placed in the sample container.9.5 Sampling with an Auger:9.5.1 General DescriptionThe screw or ship auger isessentiall

39、y a small diameter (for example, 1.5 in.; 3.8 cm)wood auger from which the cutting side flanges and tip havebeen removed. The auger is welded onto a length of solid ortubular rod. The upper end of this rod is threaded to accept ahandle or extension rods (see Fig. 4 and Guide D 4700).9.5.2 An auger c

40、an be used for collecting a disturbed sampleof unconsolidated material from the truck. The auger is rotatedmanually or with a power source into the waste material. Theoperator may have to apply downward force to embed theauger; afterwards, the auger screws itself into the material. Theauger is advan

41、ced to its full length, then pulled and removed.Material from the deepest interval is retained on the augerflights. The sample is collected from this extracted portion.Augers can be used to sample hard or compacted solid wastesor soil. Augers, like triers, are equipped with crossbars,facilitating th

42、e penetration of the waste.9.6 Sampling with a Barrel Auger:9.6.1 General DiscussionDimensions and construction ofa barrel auger will vary. A barrel auger typically consists of astainless steel or carbide steel auger tip (orchard bit), a stainlesssteel cylinder, a bailed cap, an extension, and a cro

43、ss handle(see Fig. 5 and Guide D 4700). A thin-walled internal sleevemay be used to contain the sample.9.6.2 Barrel augers can be used for collecting discreetsamples of disturbed material from various depths. The augeris rotated to advance the barrel into the truck load. The operatormay have to appl

44、y downward pressure to keep the augeradvancing. When the barrel is filled, the unit is withdrawn fromthe waste material and the sample is collected from the barrel.9.7 Sampling with a Scoop:9.7.1 General DescriptionScoops must be of a size andshape suitable for the quantity and size of the particles

45、 to besampled (see Fig. 6). The scoop is used for collecting equalportions at random spots at or near the surface of the waste. Anextension to the scoop is often employed to assist the samplerin safely collecting the sample. For waste containing fragmentsor chunks, a scoop may be the only method cap

46、able ofretaining the material in a sampling device. A scoop may beused in conjunction with the sampling devices previouslyFIG. 2 Thin-walled TubeFIG. 3 Trier FIG. 4 AugerD 5658 95 (2006)3described, or as the primary sampling device. Sampling pro-cedures can be found in Practice D 5633.9.7.2 Attach t

47、he scoop to an extension of appropriate lengthand collect the sample.10. Post Sampling10.1 Transport the sample with appropriate chain of custodyto the laboratory.10.2 Remove all sampling equipment from the truck sam-pling area.10.3 Transfer all direct contacting reusable equipment to apre-designate

48、d decontamination area. Decontaminate theequipment according to the protocol established in the workplan (see Practice D 5088). Decontaminated sampling equip-ment should be protected from contamination. This mayinclude, but not be limited to storage in aluminum foil, plasticbags, polytetrafluoroethy

49、lene film, or other means of protectionthat will not impact sample quality or the intended analyses.10.4 Properly dispose of all used (disposable) contactingequipment.11. Data Quality Objectives11.1 The objectives for sampling and testing unconsolidatedwaste from trucks should be specified in the work plan (seePractice D 5283 and Guide D 4687).12. Keywords12.1 auger; barrel auger; concentric tube thief; sampling;scoop; thin-walled tube sampler; trier; truck sampling; wasteASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in co