ASTM D291-2007(2012) Standard Test Method for Cubic Foot Weight of Crushed Bituminous Coal《碎烟煤立方英尺重量的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D291 07 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Test Method forCubic Foot Weight of Crushed Bituminous Coal1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r

2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determiningthe cubic foot weight of crushed coal less than 112 in. (37 mm)in size

3、, such as is charged into coke ovens, as follows:1.1.1 Procedure AThe cone procedure for determining anuncompacted weight per cubic foot (cubic metre).1.1.2 Procedure BThe dropped-coal procedure for deter-mining a compacted weight per cubic foot (cubic metre),comparable to actual bulk densities atta

4、ined in coke ovens.1.2 This test method is not applicable to the testing ofpowdered coal as used in boiler plants, nor to the determinationof weights per cubic foot of coal in storage piles.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are m

5、athematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard. Mass may be expressed inmetric values.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa

6、rd to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D440 Test Method of Drop Shatter Test for CoalD2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sampleof CoalD3038 Test Method for

7、 Drop Shatter Test for CokeD3302 Test Method for Total Moisture in CoalD4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis ofCoal and Designating Coal Size3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method concerns the compaction of crushedcoal to determine either its compacted or uncompacted weight,for pu

8、rposes such as charging coke ovens.PROCEDURE ACONE PROCEDURE FORUNCOMPACTED CUBIC FOOT (CUBIC METRE)WEIGHT4. Apparatus4.1 Measuring Box, of rigid construction, having insidedimensions of 12.0 by 12.0 by 12.0 in. (305 by 305 by 305mm), and a volume of 1728 6 5 in.3(0.0283 m36 82 cm3).The exact volume

9、 of the box shall be determined by watercalibration.4.2 Cone, conforming to Fig. 1 for filling the box. This coneshall be 2 ft 0 in. (610 mm) high and 1 ft 8 in. (508 mm) ininside diameter at the top, with a circular opening 412 in. (114mm) in diameter at the bottom. A slide valve consisting of asli

10、ding-plate shutter and its supports shall be welded to thebottom of the cone in such a manner that the valve may beopened and closed with ease by removing or inserting theshutter in its supporting slides. The cone shall be supported ina tripod frame having a circular opening at the top of about 1ft

11、6 in. (457 mm) in diameter. This frame shall support the coneso that the top-side of the shutter shall be 1 ft 10 in. (559 mm)from the inside bottom surface of the box. (See Fig. 1.)4.3 Leveling Bar, a steel strip 2 ft 6 in. long by 112 in. wide(762 by 38 mm) and approximately316 in. (5 mm) thick.4.

12、4 Scales, platform, capable of weighing up to 200 lb (100kg) and sensitive to 0.1 lb (0.05 kg).5. Sampling5.1 Gross SampleFor collecting gross samples of crushedbituminous coal, the procedure described in Sections 7 and 8 ofPractice D2234/D2234M shall apply. During the period ofcollecting the gross

13、sample, the increments of the sample shallbe stored in a waterproof container with a tightly fitting coverin order to prevent the loss of moisture. The minimum numberand weights of increments collected shall be in accordancewith Table 2 of Practice D2234/D2234M. The minimum grossweight of the sample

14、 shall be 300 lb (136 kg).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coaland Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.07 on PhysicalCharacteristics of Coal.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1927. Last prev

15、ious edition approved in 2007 as D291 071. DOI:10.1520/D0291-07R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM we

16、bsite.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.2 Laboratory SampleThe gross sample of coal shall bethoroughly mixed and subdivided, without crushing, into four75-lb (34-kg) portions. This operation shall be done as quicklyas

17、possible to avoid loss of moisture, and the cubic foot (cubicmetre) weight shall be determined immediately. If this deter-mination cannot be made immediately, the samples shall bekept in waterproof containers with tightly fitting covers untilthe time for making the determination.6. Procedure6.1 Befo

18、re filling the cone hopper, level it in its tripod on asolid floor. Pour the prepared sample into a pile on the floor andcarefully flatten it to about 4 in. (100 mm) in thickness. Avoidpounding of the pile with the back of the shovel. Takesuccessive shovelfuls from uniformly distributed points in th

19、epile, and allow them to slide gently from the shovel into thehopper at different peripheral points. This will prevent segre-gation and packing while the hopper is being filled. Place about75 lb (34 kg) of coal in the hopper.6.2 Center the previously weighed cubic foot (cubic metre)box under the val

20、ve of the cone. Then remove the valve shuttercompletely, allowing all of the coal to flow into the box andoverflow the edges. Loosen wet coal, not flowing freely fromthe hopper, by gently thrusting downward through the coal tothe valve with the leveling bar.6.3 After filling the box, carefully level

21、 off the excess coalabove the box edge by means of the leveling bar, and place thebox on the platform scale and weigh it to the nearest 0.1 lb(0.05 kg). Avoid jarring or shifting of the filled box until allexcess coal is leveled off. Record the difference in weightbetween the filled and empty box to

22、 the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05 kg)as the uncompacted cubic foot weight.NOTE 1Aside from the character of the coal itself, moisture contentand size distribution of the coal are the two main factors which affect thecubic foot weight. A moisture determination and sieve analysis of the coalshould be reported

23、 along with the cubic foot weight for proper interpre-tation of the cubic foot weight. For directions for making thesedeterminations, see the following:MoistureTest Method D3302.Sieve AnalysisMethod D4749.7. Precision and Bias7.1 Repeatability:7.1.1 Duplicate results by the same operator in a givenl

24、aboratory on consecutive tests determined within a minimuminterval of time shall be considered suspect if they differ bymore than 0.6 lb/ft3(9.6 kg/m3).NOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mmFIG. 1 Apparatus for Cone ProcedureD291 07 (2012)27.1.2 When two results are obtained that differ by more thanthis value, two a

25、dditional tests shall be made. If the second pairof results differs by less than the repeatability, the first pairshall be discarded and the mean of the second pair shall bereported as the result of the test.7.1.3 When both pairs of results exceed the repeatability, themean of the four results shall

26、 be reported, provided that the twomost divergent results differ by less than 0.8 lb/ft3(1.3 kg/m3).Otherwise, all results shall be discarded and the apparatus,procedure, and sample shall be examined for noncompliancecauses, which should be corrected before redetermining newpairs of values.7.2 Repro

27、ducibilityThe reproducibility of this test methodis not known. The subcommittee is investigating the reproduc-ibility of this test method.7.3 BiasThis is an empirical method and no statement ofbias is possible.PROCEDURE BDROPPED-COAL PROCEDUREFOR COMPACTED CUBIC FOOT (CUBIC METRE)WEIGHT38. Apparatus

28、8.1 Measuring Box, specially constructed, externally bracedto ensure rigidity, having inside dimensions of 18.0 by 24.0 by8.0 in. (457 by 610 by 203 mm) high, and a volume of 3456 610 in.3(0.0566 m36 164 cm3). The exact volume of the boxshall be determined by water calibration.8.2 Dropping Apparatus

29、, consisting of the shatter test ma-chine described and illustrated in Test Method D3038 and TestMethod D440. It shall consist of a box 18 in. in width, 28 in.in length, and approximately 15 in. in depth (0.46 by 0.71 by3Auvi, H. S., Schmidt, L. D., and Graham, H. G., “Control of Bulk Densities inCo

30、ke Ovens: Studies on Precision and Application of Various Testing Methods,” U.S. Bureau of Mines R.I. 3935 (1946).NOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm1 lb = 0.4359 kgFIG. 2 Apparatus for Dropped Coal ProcedureD291 07 (2012)30.38 m), supported above a rigidly mounted cast iron or steelplate, not less than12 in. (13

31、 mm) in thickness, 38 in. in width,and 48 in. (0.97 by 1.22 m) in length. The inside of the bottomof the box shall be 6 ft (1.83 m) above the plate. The bottom ofthe box shall consist of two doors hinged lengthwise andlatched so that they will swing open freely and not impede thefall of the coal. In

32、 order to facilitate filling the box with coal,the box shall be constructed so that it can be lowered to aconvenient level. This is best done by means of the arrange-ment shown in Fig. 2.8.3 Leveling Bar, steel strip 2 ft 6 in. long by 112 in. wideand approximately316 in. (762 by 38 by 5 mm) thick.8

33、.4 Scales, platform, capable of weighing up to 200 lb (100kg) and sensitive to 0.1 lb (0.05 kg).9. Sampling9.1 Gross SampleFor collecting gross samples of crushedbituminous coal, the procedure described in Sections 7 and 8 ofPractice D2234/D2234M shall apply. During the period ofcollecting the gross

34、 sample, the increments of the sample shallbe stored in a waterproof container with a tightly fitting coverin order to prevent the loss of moisture. The minimum numberand weights of increments collected shall be in accordancewith Table 2 of Practice D2234/D2234M. The minimum grossweight of sample sh

35、all be 800 lb (360 kg).9.2 Laboratory SampleThe gross sample of coal shall bethoroughly mixed and subdivided, without crushing, into four200-lb (90 kg) portions. This operation shall be done as quicklyas possible to avoid loss of moisture, and the cubic foot (cubicmetre) weight shall be determined i

36、mmediately. If this deter-mination cannot be made immediately, the samples shall bekept in waterproof containers with tightly fitting covers untilthe time for making the determination.10. Procedure10.1 Place the previously weighed measuring box on thefloor of the dropping apparatus and center it dir

37、ectly under thehopper with the long axis of the box parallel to the long axis ofthe hopper. Mark the floor of the dropping apparatus so that themeasuring box will always be positioned exactly the same eachtime.10.2 Pour the prepared coal sample into a pile on the floorand carefully flatten it to abo

38、ut 4 in. (100 mm) in thickness.Avoid pounding of the pile with the back of the shovel. Takesuccessive shovelfuls from uniformly distributed points in thepile, and carefully place them into the hopper to avoidsegregation. Place each shovelful to one side of the precedingone until 180 to 200 lb (82 to

39、 90 kg) are contained in thehopper, avoiding any heaping up of the coal at any one point aswell as any compacting of the coal with the shovel.10.3 Raise the hopper containing the coal and allow the coalto drop into the measuring box from the 6-ft (1.83-m) height.Carefully level the excess coal even

40、with the top edge of thebox by means of the leveling bar. Avoid jarring or shifting ofthe filled box until all excess coal is leveled. Fill any voids leftin the corners of the box below the top edge by gently rakingthe excess coal across the corner. Place the box, or its contents,on the platform sca

41、le and weigh it to the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05kg). Record the difference in weight between the filled andempty box to the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05 kg) as the compactedcubic foot weight (see Note under Section 6).11. Precision and Bias11.1 Repeatability:11.1.1 Duplicate results by the same operator in a giv

42、enlaboratory on consecutive tests determined within a minimuminterval of time shall be considered suspect if they differ bymore than 1.0 lb/ft3(1.60 kg/m3).11.1.2 When two results are obtained that differ by morethan this value, two additional tests shall be made. If the secondpair of results differ

43、s by less than the repeatability, the first pairshall be discarded and the mean of the second pair shall bereported as the result of the test.11.1.3 When both pairs of results exceed the repeatability,the mean of the four results shall be reported, provided that thetwo most divergent results differ

44、by less than 1.3 lb/ft3(2.1kg/m3). Otherwise, all results shall be discarded and theapparatus, procedure, and sample shall be examined for non-compliance causes, which should be corrected before redeter-mining new pairs of values.11.2 ReproducibilityThe reproducibility of this testmethod is not know

45、n. The subcommittee is investigating thereproducibility of this test method.11.3 BiasThis is an empirical method and no statement ofbias is possible.12. Keywords12.1 crushed coal; cubic foot weightASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connectio

46、n with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible

47、technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consid

48、eration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Bar

49、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D291 07 (2012)4