ASTM D189-2006(2010)e1 Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products《石油产品康拉孙残碳的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D189 06 (Reapproved 2010)1Designation: 13/94British Standard 4380Standard Test Method forConradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D189; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i

2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEAdded me

3、rcury caveat editorially in November 2010.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amountof carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysisof an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relativecoke-forming propensities. This test method is generally ap-pli

4、cable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products whichpartially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure.Petroleum products containing ash-forming constituents asdetermined by Test Method D482 or IP Method 4 will have anerroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amountof ash form

5、ed (Note 2 and Note 4).NOTE 1The term carbon residue is used throughout this test methodto designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation andpyrolysis of a petroleum product under the conditions specified in this testmethod. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a cokew

6、hich can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue iscontinued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage.NOTE 2Values obtained by this test method are not numerically thesame as those obtained by Test Method D524. Approximate correlationshave been derived (see Fig

7、. X1.1), but need not apply to all materialswhich can be tested because the carbon residue test is applied to a widevariety of petroleum products.NOTE 3The test results are equivalent to Test Method D4530, (seeFig. X1.2).NOTE 4In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amylnitrate, hexyl

8、 nitrate, or octyl nitrate causes a higher residue value thanobserved in untreated fuel, which can lead to erroneous conclusions as tothe coke forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate inthe fuel can be detected by Test Method D4046.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be reg

9、arded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomater

10、ials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsite http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury contain

11、ing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appli

12、ca-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD4046 Test Method for Alkyl Nitrate in Diesel Fuels bySpectrophotometryD4057 Practice for Man

13、ual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.06 on Analysis of Lubricants.Current edition appr

14、oved Nov. 15, 2010. Published December 2010. Originallyapproved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D189062. DOI:10.1520/D0189-06R10E01.In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the StandardizationCommittee and is issued under the fixed designation IP 13. The final numb

15、erindicates the year of last revision. This test method was adopted as a jointASTMIPstandard in 1964.This procedure is a modification of the original Conradson method and apparatusfor Carbon Test and Ash Residue in Petroleum Lubricating Oils. See Proceedings,Eighth International Congress of Applied

16、Chemistry, New York, Vol 1, p. 131,September 1912; also Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, IECHA,Vol 4, No. 11, December 1912.In 1965, a new Fig. 2 on reproducibility and repeatability combining ASTM andIP precision data replaced old Fig. 2 and Note 4.2For referenced ASTM standards, vi

17、sit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-

18、2959, United States.Products, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue(Micro Method)E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE133 Specification for Distillation Equipment3. Terminology3.1

19、Definitions:3.1.1 carbon residue, nthe residue formed by evaporationand thermal degradation of a carbon containing material.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe residue is not composed entirelyof carbon but is a coke that can be further changed by carbonpyrolysis. The term carbon residue is retained in deference t

20、oits wide common usage. D41754. Summary of Test Method4.1 Aweighed quantity of sample is placed in a crucible andsubjected to destructive distillation. The residue undergoescracking and coking reactions during a fixed period of severeheating. At the end of the specified heating period, the testcruci

21、ble containing the carbonaceous residue is cooled in adesiccator and weighed. The residue remaining is calculated asa percentage of the original sample, and reported as Conradsoncarbon residue.5. Significance and Use5.1 The carbon residue value of burner fuel serves as arough approximation of the te

22、ndency of the fuel to formdeposits in vaporizing pot-type and sleeve-type burners. Simi-larly, provided alkyl nitrates are absent (or if present, providedthe test is performed on the base fuel without additive) thecarbon residue of diesel fuel correlates approximately withcombustion chamber deposits

23、.5.2 The carbon residue value of motor oil, while at one timeregarded as indicative of the amount of carbonaceous depositsa motor oil would form in the combustion chamber of anengine, is now considered to be of doubtful significance due tothe presence of additives in many oils. For example, anash-fo

24、rming detergent additive may increase the carbon residuevalue of an oil yet will generally reduce its tendency to formdeposits.5.3 The carbon residue value of gas oil is useful as a guidein the manufacture of gas from gas oil, while carbon residuevalues of crude oil residuums, cylinder and bright st

25、ocks, areuseful in the manufacture of lubricants.6. Apparatus (see Fig. 1)6.1 Porcelain Crucible, wide form, glazed throughout, or asilica crucible; 29- to 31-mL capacity, 46 to 49 mm in rimdiameter.6.2 Iron CrucibleSkidmore iron crucible, flanged andringed, 65- to 82-mL capacity, 53 to 57 mm inside

26、 and 60- to67-mm outside diameter of flange, 37 to 39 mm in heightsupplied with a cover without delivery tubes and having thevertical opening closed. The horizontal opening of about 6.5mm shall be kept clean. The outside diameter of the flat bottomshall be 30 to 32 mm.6.3 Iron CrucibleSpun sheet-iro

27、n crucible with cover; 78to 82 mm in outside diameter at the top, 58 to 60 mm in height,and approximately 0.8 mm in thickness. Place at the bottom ofthis crucible, and level before each test, a layer of about 25 mLof dry sand, or enough to bring the Skidmore crucible, withcover on, nearly to the top

28、 of the sheet-iron crucible.6.4 Wire SupportTriangle of bare Nichrome wire ofapproximately No. 13B provided at the top with a chimney 50 to 60 mmin height and 50 to 56 mm in inside diameter, which is attachedto the lower part having the perpendicular sides by a cone-shaped member, bringing the total

29、 height of the complete hoodto 125 to 130 mm. The hood can be made from a single pieceof metal, provided it conforms to the foregoing dimensions. Asa guide for the height of the flame above the chimney, a bridgemade of approximately 3-mm iron or Nichrome wire, andhaving a height of 50 mm above the t

30、op of the chimney, shallbe attached.6.6 InsulatorHeat-resistant block, refractory ring, or hol-low sheet-metal box, 150 to 175 mm in diameter if round, or ona side if square, 32 to 38 mm in thickness, provided with ametal-lined, inverted cone-shaped opening through the center;83 mm in diameter at th

31、e bottom, and 89 mm in diameter at thetop. In the case of the refractory ring no metal lining isnecessary, providing the ring is of hard, heat-resistant material.NOTE 5It is not know what type of insulators were used in the roundrobin conducted for obtaining the precision given in Section 13.6.7 Bur

32、ner, Meker type, having an orifice approximately 24mm in diameter.7. Sampling7.1 For sampling techniques see Practices D4057 andD4177.8. Procedure8.1 Shake thoroughly the sample to be tested, first heating to50 6 10C for 0.5 h when necessary to reduce its viscosity.Immediately following the heating

33、and shaking, filter testportion through a 100 mesh screen. Weigh to the nearest 5 mga 10-g sample of the oil to be tested, free of moisture and othersuspended matter, into a tared porcelain or silica cruciblecontaining two glass beads about 2.5 mm in diameter. Placethis crucible in the center of the

34、 Skidmore crucible. Level thesand in the large sheet-iron crucible and set the Skidmorecrucible on it in the exact center of the iron crucible. Applycovers to both the Skidmore and the iron crucible, the one onthe latter fitting loosely to allow free exit to the vapors asformed.8.2 On a suitable sta

35、nd or ring, place the bare Nichromewire triangle and on it the insulator. Next center the sheet-ironcrucible in the insulator with its bottom resting on top of thetriangle, and cover the whole with the sheet-iron hood in orderto distribute the heat uniformly during the process (see Fig. 1).D189 06 (

36、2010)128.3 Apply heat with a high, strong flame from the Meker-type gas burner, so that the pre-ignition period will be 10 6 1.5min (a shorter time can start the distillation so rapidly as tocause foaming or too high a flame). When smoke appearsabove the chimney, immediately move or tilt the burner

37、so thatthe gas flame plays on the sides of the crucible for the purposeof igniting the vapors. Then remove the heat temporarily, andbefore replacing adjust by screwing down the pinch-cock onthe gas tubing so that the ignited vapors burn uniformly withthe flame above the chimney but not above the wir

38、e bridge.Heat can be increased, if necessary, when the flame does notshow above the chimney. The period of burning the vaporsshall be 13 6 1 min. If it is found impossible to meet therequirements for both flame and burning time, the requirementfor burning time is the more important.8.4 When the vapo

39、rs cease to burn and no further bluesmoke can be observed, readjust the burner and hold the heatas at the beginning so as to make the bottom and lower part ofthe sheet-iron crucible a cherry red, and maintain for exactly 7min. The total period of heating shall be 30 6 2 min, whichconstitutes an addi

40、tional limitation on the tolerances for thepre-ignition and burning periods. There should be no difficultyin carrying out the test exactly as directed with the gas burnerof the type named, using city gas (20 to 40 MJ/m3), with thetop of the burner about 50 mm below the bottom of thecrucible. The tim

41、e periods shall be observed with whateverburner and gas is used.8.5 Remove the burner and allow the apparatus to cool untilno smoke appears, and then remove the cover of the Skidmorecrucible (about 15 min). Remove the porcelain or silicacrucible with heated tongs, place in the desiccator, cool, andw

42、eigh. Calculate the percentage of carbon residue on theoriginal sample.9. Procedure for Residues Exceeding 5 %9.1 This procedure is applicable to such materials as heavycrude oils, residuums, heavy fuel oils, and heavy gas oils.9.2 When the carbon residue as obtained by the proceduredescribed in Sec

43、tion 8 (using a 10-g sample) is in excess of5 %, difficulties can be experienced due to boiling over of thesample. Trouble also can be encountered with samples ofheavy products which are difficult to dehydrate.9.3 For samples showing more than 5.0 and less than 15.0 %carbon residue by the procedure

44、described in Section 8, repeatthe test using a 5 6 0.5 g sample weighed to the nearest 5 mg.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Determining Conradson Carbon ResidueD189 06 (2010)13In event that a result greater than 15.0 % is obtained, repeat thetest, reducing the sample size to 3 6 0.1 g, weighed to thenearest 5

45、mg.9.4 If the sample boils over, reduce the sample size first to5 g and then to3gasnecessary to avoid the difficulty.9.5 When the 3-g sample is used, it can be impossible tocontrol the preignition and vapor burning times within thelimits specified in 8.3. However, in such cases, the results shallbe

46、considered as valid.10. Procedure for Carbon Residue on 10 % DistillationResidue10.1 This procedure is applicable to light distillate oils, suchas ASTM No. 1 and No. 2 fuel oils.10.2 Assemble the distillation apparatus described in Speci-fication E133 using flask D (250-mL bulb volume), flasksupport

47、 board with 50-mm diameter opening, and graduatedcylinder C (200-mL capacity). A thermometer is not requiredbut the use of the ASTM High Distillation Thermometer 8F or8C as prescribed in Specification E1 or the IP High DistillationThermometer 6C, as prescribed in the IP Thermometer Speci-fications i

48、s recommended.10.3 Place a volume of sample equivalent to 200 mL at 13to 18C in the flask. Maintain the condenser bath at 0 to 4C(for some oils it may be necessary to hold the temperaturebetween 38 and 60C to avoid solidification of waxy materialin the condenser tube). Use, without cleaning, the cyl

49、inderfrom which the sample was measured as the receiver and placeit so that the tip of the condenser does not touch the wall of thecylinder.10.4 Apply the heat to the flask at a uniform rate soregulated that the first drop of condensate exits from thecondenser between 10 and 15 min after initial application ofheat. After the first drop falls, move the receiving cylinder sothat the tip of the condenser tube touches the wall of thecylinder. Then regulate the heat so that the distillation proceedsat a uniform rate of 8 to 10 mL/min. Continue the distillatio