[考研类试卷]考研英语模拟试卷175及答案与解析.doc

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1、考研英语模拟试卷 175及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 “We want Singapore to have the X-factor, that buzz that you get in London, Paris, or New York.“ That is how Lee Hsien Loong, Singap

2、ores prime minister, (1)_ his governments decision to (2)_ gambling in the country, (3)_ two large, Vegas-style casinos. Whether the casinos will indeed help to transform Singapores staid image remains to be seen. But the decision has already (4)_ an uncharacteristic buzz among the countrys normally

3、 (5)_ citizens. The government has contemplated, and rejected (6)_ casinos several times in the past. One reason was (7)_ Singapores economic growth was so rapid that casinos seemed like an unnecessary evil. Buddhism and Islam, two of the countrys main religions, (8)_ on gambling. The government its

4、elf has traditionally had strong, and often (9)_, ideas about how its citizens should behave. Until recently, for example, it refused to (10)_ homosexuals to the civil service. It also used to (11)_ chewing gum, which it considers a public nuisance. Nowadays, (12)_, Singapores electronics industry,

5、the mainstay of the economy, is struggling to cope with cheap competition from places like China. In the first quarter of this year, output (13)_ by 5.8% at an annual rate. So the government wants to promote tourism and other services to (14)_ for vanishing jobs in manufacturing. Merrill Lynch, an i

6、nvestment bank, (15)_ the two proposed casinos could (16)_ in as much as $4 billion in the initial investment alone. (17)_ its estimates, they would have annual revenues of (18)_ $3.6 billion, and pay at least $600 million in taxes and fees. The government, for its part, thinks the integrated (19)_,

7、 as it coyly calls the casinos, would (20)_ as many as 35,000 jobs. （ A） claimed （ B） maintained （ C） announced （ D） pronounced （ A） draft （ B） illegalize （ C） devise （ D） legalize （ A） in the name of （ B） in the form of （ C） by the means of （ D） in the need of （ A） prompted （ B） quickened （ C） perc

8、eived （ D） predicted （ A） cool （ B） calm （ C） collected （ D） quiescent （ A） licensing （ B） approving （ C） consenting （ D） guaranteeing （ A） why （ B） that （ C） because （ D） for （ A） rely （ B） focus （ C） frown （ D） fret （ A） mortal （ B） moral （ C） morale （ D） moralistic （ A） give （ B） admit （ C） bring

9、 （ D） take （ A） ban （ B） prevent （ C） limit （ D） authorize （ A） therefore （ B） however （ C） moreover （ D） accordingly （ A） deflated （ B） increased （ C） shrank （ D） appreciated （ A） make. up （ B） live up （ C） face up （ D） bring up （ A） includes （ B） advises （ C） beckons （ D） reckons （ A） turn （ B） ab

10、sorb （ C） bring （ D） take （ A） Due to （ B） According to （ C） As to （ D） Only too （ A） up to （ B） by （ C） down to （ D） on to （ A） ways （ B） functions （ C） resorts （ D） moves （ A） stimulate （ B） motivate （ C） simulate （ D） generate Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions

11、 below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 The California Public Employees Retirement System(CalPERS) has positioned itself as the premier champion of investor rights, regularly singling out bad managers at some of the nations largest companies in its annual corporate-governance focus

12、 lists. And with $153 billion under management, Wall Street tends to listen when CalPERS speaks out. But the countrys largest pension fund has never taken on as big a fish as it did Dec. 16, when it filed a class action against the New York Stock Exchange and seven of its member firms. CalPERS suit

13、charges the NYSE and specialist firms with fraud, alleging that the exchange skirted its regulatory duties and allowed its members to trade stocks at the expense of investors. The move is a major slap in the face for the NYSEs recently appointed interim Chairman John Reed. The former Citibank chairm

14、an and CEO came on board in September after the exchanges longtime head, Richard Grasso, resigned under pressure over public outrage about his excessive compensation. Reed has been widely criticized by CalPERS and other institutional investors for not including representatives of investors on the ex

15、changes newly constituted board and not clearly separating the exchanges regulatory function from its day-to-day operations. The CalPERS lawsuit is evidence that the investment communities dissatisfaction hasnt ebbed. “Our hopes were dashed when Mr. Reed didnt perform,“ says Harrigan. The suit alleg

16、es that seven specialist firms profited by abusing and overusing a series of trading tactics. The tactics, which are not currently illegal, include “penny jumping, where a firm positions itself between two orders to capture a piece of the price differential, “front running“, which involves trading i

17、n advance of customers based on confidential information obtained by their orders, and “freezing“ the firms order book so that the firm can make trades on its own account first. Many of the suits allegations are based on a previously disclosed investigation of the exchange conducted by the Securitie

18、s but throughout history the practitioners of “pure“ science have made many practical as well as theoretical contributions. Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas for technological innovations and that pure research is therefore essential for any significant advancement in industrial ci

19、vilization is essentially a myth. Most of the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to the laboratory. Fundamental tools and processes in the fields of mechanics, chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydraulics were developed before the laws governing their functions were dis

20、covered. The steam engine, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamics elucidated the physical principle underlying its operations. In recent years a sharp value distinction has grown up between science and technology. Advances in science have frequently had their bitter oppone

21、nts, but today many people have come to fear technology much more than science. For these people, science may be perceived as a serene, objective source for understanding the eternal laws of nature, whereas the practical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them to be out of

22、control. Many historians of science argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization, but also that the rate of technological change has developed its own momentum in recent centuries. Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increase geometrically,

23、without respect to geographical limits or political systems. These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus technology can be conceived as both a creative and a destructive process. 36 Science is, as the author argues, similar t

24、o technology in that_. （ A） it involves a long process of change （ B） it focuses on the casual aspects of the material world （ C） it resorts to experiments as an exclusive method of research （ D） it is concerned about the theoretical development 37 Which of the following does the author Not agree wi

25、th? （ A） Scientific activities are deeply involved with those of technology. （ B） Industrial civilization is largely based on the scientific progress. （ C） Science and technology move forward at a comparable speed. （ D） Either of science and technology is necessary for the advance of each other. 38

26、The example of the steam engine is presented to_. （ A） refute the belief that industrial progress feeds off scientific ideas （ B） illustrate the remarkable achievements of industrial civilization （ C） indicate that many great inventions originate from the laboratory （ D） laws come out much earlier t

27、han related functions 39 What does “the practical manifestationsout of control“(Para. 3) mean? （ A） Technology is losing its traditional practicality. （ B） Technology is moving further away from science. （ C） Technological progress is benefiting the whole world. （ D） Technology is threatening the ex

28、istence of human civilization. 40 The “historians“ as mentioned in the last paragraph regard the technology with_. （ A） absolute enthusiasm （ B） total indifference （ C） obvious resentment （ D） reserved approval Part B (10 points) 41 You are going to read a text about the topic of nuclear fusion, fol

29、lowed by a list of explanations(or examples). Choose the best explanation/example from the list. Scientists say they have achieved small-scale nuclear fusion in a tabletop experiment, using tried and true techniques that are expected to generate far less controversy than past such claims. This lates

30、t experiment relied on a tiny crystal to generate a strong electric field. While the energy created was too small to harness cheap fusion power, the technique could have potential uses in medicine, spacecraft propulsion, the oil drilling industry and homeland security, said Seth Putterman, a physici

31、st at the University of California at Los Angeles. Putterman and his colleagues at UCLA, Brian Naranjo and Jim Gimzewski, report their results in Thursdays issue of the journal Nature. (41) Held up to ridicule Previous claims of tabletop fusion have been met with skepticism and even derision by phys

32、icists. (42) Sound theoretical basis Fusion experts said the UCLA experiment will face far less skepticism because it conforms to well-known principles of physics. (43) Energy in waiting Fusion power has been touted as the ultimate energy source and a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels like coal an

33、d oil. Fossil fuels are expected to run short in about 50 years. (44) Process of fusion In the UCLA experiment, scientists placed a tiny crystal that can generate a strong electric field into a vacuum chamber filled with deuterium gas, a form of hydrogen capable of fusion. Then the researchers activ

34、ated the crystal by heating it. (45) Commercial uses UCLAs Putterman said future experiments will focus on refining the technique for potential commercial uses, including designing portable neutron generators that could be used for oil well drilling or scanning luggage and cargo at airports. In the

35、Nature report, Putterman and his colleagues said the crystal-based method could be used in “microthrusters for miniature spacecraft.“ In such an application, the method would not rely on nuclear fusion for power generation, but rather on ion propulsion, Putterman said. “As wild as it is, thats a con

36、servative application,“ he said. A. In fusion, light atoms are joined in a high-temperature process that frees large amounts of energy. It is considered environmentally friendly because it produces virtually no air pollution and does not pose the safety and long-term radioactive waste concerns assoc

37、iated with modern nuclear power plants, where heavy uranium atoms are split to create energy in a process known as fission. B. The resulting electric field created a beam of charged deuterium atoms that struck a nearby target, which was embedded with yet more deuterium. When some of the deuterium at

38、oms in the beam collided with their counterparts in the target, they fused. The reaction gave off an isotope of helium along with subatomic particles known as neutrons, a characteristic of fusion. The experiment did not, however, produce more energy than the amount put in an achievement that would b

39、e a huge breakthrough. C. Another technique, known as sonoluminescence, generates heat through the collapse of tiny bubbles in a liquid. Some scientists claim that nuclear fusion occurs during the reaction, but those claims have sparked sharp debate. D. In a Nature commentary, Michael Saltmarsh of t

40、he Oak Ridge National Laboratory said the process was in some ways “remarkably low-tech“, drawing upon principles that were first recorded by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus in 314 B.C. “This doesnt have any controversy in it because theyre using a tried and true method,“ David Ruzic, professor o

41、f nuclear and plasma engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, told The Associated Press. “Theres no mystery in terms of the physics.“ E. In one of the most notable cases, Dr. B. Stanley Pons of the University of Utah and Martin Fleischmann of Southampton University in England s

42、hocked the world in 1989 when they announced that they had achieved so-called cold fusion at room temperature. Their work was discredited after repeated attempts to reproduce it failed. F. The technology also could conceivably give rise to implantable radiation sources, which could target cancer cel

43、ls while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. “You could bring a tiny crystal into the body; place it next to a tumor, turn on the radiation and blast the tumor,“ Putterman told MSNBC.com. Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (

44、10 points) 46 For the first time in decades, doctors have begun making major changes in the treatment of lung cancer, based on research proving that chemotherapy can significantly lengthen life for many patients for whom it was previously thought to be useless. The shift in care applies to about 50,

45、000 people a year in the United States who have early cases of the most common form of the disease, non-small-cell lung cancer, and whose tumors are removed by surgery. (46)Many of these patients, who just a few years ago would have been treated with surgery alone, are now being given chemotherapy a

46、s well, just as. it is routinely given after surgery for breast or colon(结肠 ) cancer. The new approach has brightened a picture that was often bleak. “The benefit is at least as good, and maybe better than in the other cancers,“ said Dr. John Minna, a lung cancer expert and research director at the

47、University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. He said new discoveries were helping to eliminate doctors “nihilistic“ attitudes about chemotherapy for lung cancer. “The standard of care has changed,“ said Dr. Christopher G. Azzoli, a lung cancer specialist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Can

48、cer Center in New York. (47)A major impetus for the change came a year ago, when two studies presented at a cancer conference showed marked increases in survival in patients who received adjuvant(辅助的 ) chemotherapy, meaning the drugs were given after surgery. In one study of 482 patients in Canada a

49、nd the United States, led by Dr. Timothy Winton, a surgeon from the University of Alberta, 69 percent of patients who had surgery and chemotherapy were still alive five years later, as compared with 54 percent who had just surgery. The patients were given a combination of two drugs, cisplatin and vinorelbine, once a week for 16 weeks. In the world of lung cancer research, a survival difference of 15 percentage points is enormous. (48)Overall, the patients given