[外语类试卷]专业英语八级(改错)模拟试卷277及答案与解析.doc
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1、专业英语八级(改错)模拟试卷 277及答案与解析 一、 PART III LANGUAGE USAGE 0 When asked how they define the American Dream, most people will say, “Success. “ The dream of individual opportunity has been at home in【 S1】 _ America when Europeans discovered a “new world“ in the Western【 S2】 _ Hemisphere. Early immigrants lik
2、e Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur spoke highly the freedom and opportunity to be found in this new【 S3】 _ land. His glowing descriptions of a classless society where anyone could attain success through honesty and hard work has fired the【 S4】 _ imaginations of many European readers. In Letters from an
3、 American Farmer(1782)he wrote, “We are all excited at the spirit of an industry which is unfettered and restrained, because each person【 S5】 _ works for himself. We have no princes, for which we toil, starve,【 S6】 _ and bleed; we are the most perfect society now existing in the world. “ The promise
4、 of a land where “ the awards of a mans【 S7】 _ industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor“ drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territories. Our national mythology is full of illustrations of the American success story. Theres Benjamin Frank
5、lin, the very model of the self-educated, self-made man, who rose from modest origins to become a well-known scientist, philosopher, and statesman. The notion of success haunts us; we spent millions every year reading【 S8】 _ about rich and famous, learning how to “ make a fortune in real【 S9】 _ esta
6、te with no money downward,“ and “dressing for success. “ The【 S10】 _ myth of success has even invaded our personal relationships; today its as important to be “successful“ in marriage or parenthood as it is to come out on top in business. 1 【 S1】 2 【 S2】 3 【 S3】 4 【 S4】 5 【 S5】 6 【 S6】 7 【 S7】 8 【 S
7、8】 9 【 S9】 10 【 S10】 10 Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy and stagnation. Too much conflict leads to divisiveness and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, so, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy【 S1】 _ and compe
8、titive way. Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be complex to【 S2】 _ determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking or
9、ganizations and others for non-profit organizations. Somewhat surprised, Schwenk found that opinions about【 S3】 _ conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in non-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organ
10、izations and that they promoted higher quality decision-making than might be【 S4】 _ achieved at the absence of conflict.【 S5】 _ Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to good quality decision-making in their or
11、ganizations. Schwenk【 S6】 _ interpreted these results in the terms of the criteria for effective【 S7】 _ decision-making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was mostly often【 S8】 _ assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that co
12、nsensus other than conflict enhanced financial indicators.【 S9】 _ In the non-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Giving【 S10】 _ the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents, executiv
13、es perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions. 11 【 S1】 12 【 S2】 13 【 S3】 14 【 S4】 15 【 S5】 16 【 S6】 17 【 S7】 18 【 S8】 19 【 S9】 20 【 S10】 20 Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answe
14、r this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project. Sadly to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level【 S1】 _ findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combining with lots of head-scratching puz
15、zlement about what【 S2】 _ in world those readers really want.【 S3】 _ But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates(patterns) which they plug each days events. In other words, there is a【 S4】 _ conventional story line in the new
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