ASHRAE AN-04-2-3-2004 Shake Table Testing《振动台测试》.pdf
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1、AN-04-2-3 Shake Table Testing James A. Carlson, P.E. Associate Member ASHRAE ABSTRACT Shake table testing is a test of equipment to determine whether the equipment can survive random oscillating motion. Equipment is bolted to a shake table that moves horizontally and possibly vertically in a prescri
2、bed motion, simulating an earthquake. Shake table testing onlyproves that equipment can survive the motion created by earthquakes. “Surviving an earthquake” can mean many diflerent things. Survival may mean that the equipment does notfly apart, that the equipment can start after the earthquake, or t
3、hat the equipment will oper- ate through the earthquake and keep running. The individual testing agency has historically subjectively applied the prescribed motion of a shake table based on interpretation of the requirements and shake table capabilities. This paper will provide an explanation of the
4、 requirements, criteria, and performance of the shake table test. INTRODUCTION There are few references available that describe shake table test requirements. IEEE-344 standard has been used universally to define the criteria for all shake table testing. This standard was initially published in 1975
5、 and last revised in 1987. It is still used today for many applications including test- ing mechanical and electrical equipment for nuclear power plants. This standard is very flexible and requires very well written specifications to meet customer expectations. A rela- tively new standard, IEEE-693,
6、 issued in 1997, covers the recommended practice for seismic design of power distribu- tion substations. In the case of nuclear power plants, these expectations are part of a license to operate. IEEE-344 stan- dard alone does not have sufficient criteria to perform testing without site-specific info
7、rmation. William Staehlin, P.E. In 2000 the International Conference of Building Offi- cials (ICBO) published “Acceptance Criteria for Seismic Qualification Testing of Nonstructural Components” (AC 156). This document defines the requirements for shake table testing from pre-test information to func
8、tional testing of the equipment using AC156. There is no discussion or commentary on requirements identified in the document. Extensive knowledge of shake table testing and application for equipment verification is necessary to apply AC156. This paper expands on the test requirements identified in A
9、C 156 with commentary for practical application. APPLICATION Code requirements are defined to test equipment and qualify the equipment will survive or will not degrade, causing additional damage. Inmost cases, the equipment selected to be tested that is the same equipment to be supplied to the job s
10、ite. However, the International Building Code (ICC 2000) and AC 156 do allow the manufacture to test and qualify a product line with one test, where the equipment tested is the largest size of the product line. It may be advantageous for manufac- tures to test the largest size of equipment in a prod
11、uct line at a maximum acceleration that may apply anywhere in the coun- try. The maximum acceleration may be larger than the specific application and the equipment may not be the same equipment that is manufactured for specific projects, but it may be cost- effective for future projects because of t
12、he cost to perform shake table tests. PRE-TEST INFORMATION Pre-test information includes a description of the unit to be tested. Unit weight, overall dimensions, and attachment configuration need to be provided to the vendor performing James A. Carlson is with Omaha Public Power District, Fort Calho
13、un, Nebraska. William Staehlin is with the Ofce of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD), Sacramento, Calif. 02004 ASHRAE. 339 the test. Rigid connections and vibration isolation are the two basic configurations to attach equipment to the building struc- ture. All attachment points shoul
14、d be defined in the specifica- tion or shown on vendor drawings and represent how the equipment is attached in its final location. Attachment points are vendor-specific for the equipment and, more importantly, for vibration isolators. The attachment to the shake table can use brackets and steel to s
15、teel bolts and may be different from the final installation where the equipment is usually attached to the building structure with concrete anchors. Anchor forces can be determined by using elements called “load cells,” placed between the component and the shake table. These load cells record tensio
16、n, compression, and, based on orientation, shear forces at anchor locations. The attachment ofthe compo- nent should represent the configuration as closely as possible. Vibration-isolated equipment adds complexity to the shake table test requirements. Multiple vendors are involved, providing equipme
17、nt and providing the vibration isolation devices. The building codes and AC156 are clear in the requirement for “system” qualification. The system, in this case, is defined as the component, the isolator(s), and possibly the attachment. The attachment can be accomplished by applying code formulas to
18、 obtain anchor forces. Normally the vendor providing the vibration isolation is responsible for the attachment to the equipment and to the building structure. Complete attachment details should be provided with the vibration isolation for the shake table test as well as the final attachment requirem
19、ents. Other information required before the shake table test can be implemented includes functional acceptance criteria and the minimum earthquake shaking requirements in the form of a required response spectrum (RRS). Functional acceptance defines the survivability of the equipment as described in
20、the abstract. AC1 56 differentiates the functional requirements using the importance factor. If the importance factor is 1.0, then the shake table test is only to ensure the structural integ- rity of the equipment. That is to say, the equipment will not move from the attachment points and any intern
21、al parts or assemblies will not separate physically. Permanent deforma- tion and yield of steel members is allowed. This is only a mini- mum set of requirements and may not represent the building owners requirements. If the importance factor is greater than 1 .O (or 1.5), then the equipment is deeme
22、d to be essential for continued opera- tion of the facility andor essential to maintain the operation of the critical life-support systems andor contains hazardous materials (quantities defined by code) harmful to humans or the environment. This type of equipment is required to be proven operational
23、 before and after the shake table test. It is important to clearly identify the functional requirements and describe how the functional requirements are proven. There are many ways to prove operational. For fans and refrigeration systems, the minimum cooling load or airflow requirements should be id
24、entified. Do not use nominal values because there may be some degradation of the equipment from the testing, shipping, andor manufacturing. However, proving equipment is operational requires power supplies to turn motors and possibly load banks (coils if necessary) to show that the performance of th
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