ASHRAE AEDG-2015 Advanced Energy Design Guide for Grocery Stores.pdf

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1、Advanced Energy Design Guidefor Grocery StoresAdvanced Energy Design Guide for Grocery Stores50%50%Advanced Energy Design Guide for Grocery StoresThis Guide was prepared under ASHRAE Special Project 138.Advanced Energy Design Guide for Grocery Stores is the fifth in a series designed to provide reco

2、mmendations for achieving 50% energy savings over the minimum code requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004. The energy savings target of 50% is the next step toward achieving a net zero energy building, which is defined as a building that, on an annual basis, draws from outside resource

3、s equal or less energy than it provides using on-site renewable energy sources. ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 provides the fixed reference point and serves as a consistent baseline and scale for all of the 50% Advanced Energy Design Guides.This Guide focuses on grocery stores ranging in size

4、from 25,000 to 65,000 ft with medium- and low-temperature refrigerated cases and walk-ins. The information in this Guide can be combined with that in Advanced Energy Design Guide for Medium to Big-Box Retail Buildings and used for larger stores that consist of both grocery and general merchandise. T

5、his Guide does not cover parking garages, campus utilities such as chilled water and steam, water use, or sewage disposal.The specific energy-saving recommendations are summarized in a single table for each climate zone and allow contractors, consulting engineers, architects, and designers to easily

6、 achieve advanced levels of energy savings without detailed energy modeling or analyses. In addition, this Guide discusses principles of integrated design and how they can be used to implement energy-efficient strategies. A chapter addressing design philosophies for grocery stores is also included.

7、This chapter is devoted primarily to refrigeration as well as the interaction between refrigeration and other building systems. An expanded section of tips and approaches is included in the “How to Implement Recommendations” chapter. These tips are cross-referenced with the recommendation tables. Th

8、is chapter also includes additional “bonus” recommendations that identify opportunities to incorporate greater energy savings into the design of the building.Case studies and technical examples throughout the Guide illustrate the recommendations and demonstrate the technologies in real-world applica

9、tions. For more information on the entire Advanced Energy Design Guide series, please visit www.ashrae.org/aedg.9 781936 504909ISBN: 978-1-936504-90-9Product Code: 90563 3/15Developed by:ASHRAEThe American Institute of ArchitectsIlluminating Engineering Society of North AmericaU.S. Green Building Co

10、uncilU.S. Department of EnergyAchieving 50% Energy Savings Toward a Net Zero Energy BuildingAdvanced Energy Design GuideforGrocery StoresThis is an ASHRAE Design Guide. Design Guides are developedunder ASHRAEs Special Publication procedures and are notconsensus documents. This document is an applica

11、tion manual thatprovides voluntary recommendations for consideration in achievinggreater levels of energy savings relative to minimum standards.F1_Front.fm Page i Wednesday, March 4, 2015 11:18 AM 2015 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmis

12、sion in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. This publication was prepared under the auspices of ASHRAE Special Project 138and was supported with funding from DOE through NREL subcontract #AGG-4-42122-01.PROJECT COMMITTEEPaul TorcelliniChairNational

13、 Renewable Energy LaboratoryBernie BauerIES RepresentativeIntegrated Lighting ConceptsJim McClendonASHRAE RepresentativeWalmart Stores, Inc.Aaron DalyMember-at-LargeGroceryWhole Foods MarketDaniel NallAIA/USGBC RepresentativeSyska Hennessy GroupDon FisherMember-at-LargeKitchensPG nor may any part of

14、 this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselec-tronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Public

15、ation DataAdvanced energy design guide for grocery stores : achieving 50% energy savings toward a net zero energy building / ASHRAE, The American Insti-tute of Architects ; Illuminating Engineering Society of North America ; U.S. Green Building Council ; U.S. Department of Energy.pages cmIncludes bi

16、bliographical references.Summary: “Provides recommendations to achieve 50% energy savings when compared with the minimum code requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004; applies to grocery stores with gross floor areas between 25,000 and 65,000 ft2 with medium- and low-temperature refrig-e

17、rated cases and walk-ins“- Provided by publisher.ISBN 978-1-936504-90-9 (softcover : alk. paper) 1. Grocery trade-Energy conservation-United States. 2. Stores, Retail-Energy conservation-United States. I. American Institute of Architects. II. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. III. U

18、.S. Green Building Council. IV. UnitedStates. Department of Energy.TJ163.5.F6A38 2015725.21-dc232015007517ASHRAE Staff Special Publications Mark S. Owen, Editor/Group Manager of Handbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield Michaels, Managing EditorJames Madison Walker, Associate EditorSarah Boyl

19、e, Assistant EditorLauren Ramsdell, Editorial AssistantMichshell Phillips, Editorial CoordinatorPublishing Services David Soltis, Group Manager of Publishing Services and Electronic CommunicationsJayne Jackson, Publication Traffic AdministratorTracy Becker, Graphics SpecialistPublisher W. Stephen Co

20、mstockF1_Front.fm Page iv Wednesday, March 4, 2015 11:18 AM 2015 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. Acknowledgments xiAbbreviations and Acron

21、yms xiiiForward: A Message for Building Owners and Developers xvEnhanced Shopping Environments and Humidity Control xviLower Life-Cycle Costs xviiReduced Operating Costs .xviiPartners in the Community xviiClosing xviiiReferences and Resources xviiiChapter 1 Introduction.1Goal of this Guide.2Scope.2W

22、ater as a Resource .3Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3Energy Modeling Analysis 3Achieving 50% Energy Savings 5Conditions to Promote the Grocery Store Function .7Sales Environment .7Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 7Thermal Comfort 8Visual Comfort 8Acoustic Comfort 8How to Use this Guide .8References10Conte

23、ntsF2a_TOC.fm Page v Wednesday, March 4, 2015 4:50 PM 2015 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. vi | Advanced Energy Design Guide for Grocery S

24、toresChapter 2 Integrated Design Process 15Principles of Integrated Design15Using Integrated Design to Maximize Energy Efficiency .17Project Kick-Off 17Programming and Concept Design18Schematic Design .19Design Development.20Construction Documents21Bid Phase .21Construction Administration.21Commissi

25、oning 22Start-Up and Operation.22Prototype DevelopmentContinuous Improvement 23Integrated Design Process Strategies .24Charettes and Design Reviews .24Use of Energy Modeling as Design Guidance .24Multidisciplinary Coordination for Energy Efficiency.25References and Resources31Chapter 3 Design Concep

26、ts and Practices 35Introduction.35Building Site and Design Influences36Climate Characterizations.36Climate Dependence.40Building Orientation .41Refrigeration and Design Philosophies43Impacts of Refrigerant Selection .43Sizing Concepts 46Air versus Evaporative Condensing .50Direct versus Indirect Sys

27、tem Design and Efficiency54Distributed versus Centralized Rack Designs57Electric versus Hot-Gas Defrost 58Specific Design Philosophies .58Mass-Flow-Based Design .58Use of Data from New and Existing Stores .60Determining Design Evaporator and discharge Air Temperature.60Control Systems 60Changing Tec

28、hnologies and Paradigm Shifts .61Implications for Future Improvements .61Electronic Expansion Valves and Superheat Optimization61Refrigerant Heat Recovery .62F2a_TOC.fm Page vi Wednesday, March 4, 2015 4:50 PM 2015 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution

29、, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. Contents | viiInteraction Between Systems .63Kitchen Equipment and HVAC.63Refrigeration and HVAC64Impact of Doors on Refrigerated Cases 64References and Resources66Chapter 4 Design Strategies

30、 and Recommendations by Climate Zone .67Introduction.67Climate Zone Recommendations 68Zone 1 70Zone 2 74Zone 3 78Zone 4 82Zone 5 86Zone 6 90Zone 7 94Zone 8 98References.102Chapter 5 How to Implement Recommendations .103Envelope 103Opaque Envelope Components103Vertical Fenestration 114Window Design G

31、uidelines for Thermal Conditions .117Window Design Guidelines for Daylighting119References120Daylighting 121General Recommendations.121References and Resources128Electric Lighting 129Goals for Grocery Lighting.129Interior Lighting .129Sample Design Layouts for Grocery Stores 138Exterior Lighting.148

32、References and Resources150Plug Loads 151Equipment and Control Guidelines.151References and Resources156Kitchen Equipment 158Equipment and Design Guidelines .158References163F2a_TOC.fm Page vii Wednesday, March 4, 2015 4:50 PM 2015 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduct

33、ion, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. viii | Advanced Energy Design Guide for Grocery StoresRefrigeration Equipment165Condenser Selection and Condenser Control .165Compressors 172Display Cases and Walk-In Boxes .

34、175Heat Recovery.182References185Service Water Heating186Service Water Heating System Types .186General Recommendations.186.References and Resources190HVAC Systems and Equipment 191General Information 191HVAC System Types194HVAC Equipment Considerations .198References and Resources216Quality Assuran

35、ce.218Commissioning 218Measurement and Verification 221References and Resources222Additional Bonus Savings.223Envelope Options 223Refrigeration Options .223Other HVAC System Types.224Renewable Energy .225References229Appendix A Envelope Thermal Performance Factors .231Appendix B International Climat

36、ic Zone Definitions233F2a_TOC.fm Page viii Wednesday, March 4, 2015 4:50 PM 2015 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. Chapter 1 Refrigeration B

37、aseline Assumptions.4Whole Foods MarketA Case Study.11Chapter 2 Refrigeration Commissioning Guide .22WalmartA Case Study.32Chapter 3 Daylighting in Grocery Stores 41Compressor Systems with Ammonia Refrigerant45Condenser Derating Example.49Hybrid Condensers and Precooling 53CO2 Indirect System versus

38、 Standard Direct System.55Annual Energy Usage Comparison of Cooling System Designs 57California Title 24 Heat Recovery Requirements62Display Cases with Glass Doors.65Chapter 4 Bonus Savings.68Chapter 5 Tubular Daylighting Devices 122ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013 Sidelighting (Vertical Fenestration)P

39、rescriptive Requirements .127Display and Accent Lighting Strategies 132LED Lighting Color, Optics, and Characteristics.141Grocery Store Plug Load Strategies .154Demand-Controlled Kitchen Ventilation System .160Condensing Temperature .169Airflow versus Fan Power.170Display Case and Walk-In Standards

40、176Examples of Walk-In Freezer and Cooler Doors, Hinges,Closers, and Alarms 178SidebarsCase Studies and Technical ExamplesF2b_SidebarList.fm Page v Wednesday, March 4, 2015 4:51 PM 2015 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either p

41、rint or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. F2b_SidebarList.fm Page vi Wednesday, March 4, 2015 11:19 AM 2015 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted wi

42、thout ASHRAEs prior written permission. Advanced Energy Design Guide for Grocery Stores is the fifth in a series of publicationsdesigned to provide strategies and recommendations for achieving 50% energy savings overthe minimum code requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Stan-d

43、ard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Grocery stores are a critical part ofthe economy and part of a larger group of closely related buildings that include conveniencestores and larger retail establishments with food sales. This Guide is the result of the dedicated,collective effo

44、rts of many professionals who devoted countless hours to develop guidance thatwill help grocery stores use less energy.The primary authors were the 12 members of the ASHRAE Special Project 138 committeewho represented the participating organizationsASHRAE, The American Institute of Archi-tects (AIA)

45、, U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), Illuminating Engineering Society ofNorth America (IES), and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).The project would not have been possible without DOEs financial support for projectcommittee expenses, Guide development, National Renewable Energy Laboratory energymode

46、ling analysis, and committee leadership. The chair would personally like to thank Jere-miah Williams, Sonia Punjabi, and Arah Schuur from DOEs Building Technology Office fortheir support and leadership.The chair would also like to thank all members of the project committee. The committeeworked tirel

47、essly to take their professional expertise and translate it into practical informationfor making a substantial impact in grocery store design and operations. The collective expertisebrings the best practices together to create an integrated solution for grocery stores to achievesubstantial energy savings. The project committee met four times and held over 20 conferencecalls in 10 months. The time away from the office and, more importantly, families is a sacrificethat is acknowledged and appreciated. The chair also gratefully