ANSI TAPPI T1200 SP-2014 Interlaboratory evaluation of test methods to determine TAPPI repeatability and reproducibility.pdf
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1、TAPPI/ANSI T 1200 sp-14 TENTATIVE STANDARD 1961 OFFICIAL STANDARD 1969 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1986 REAFFIRMED 1991 REVISED AND COMBINED WITH T 1206 2000 CORRECTION 2006 REVISED 2007 REVISED 2014 2014 TAPPI The information and data contained in this document were prepared by a technical committee of th
2、e Association. The committee and the Association assume no liability or responsibility in connection with the use of such information or data, including but not limited to any liability under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. The user is responsible for determining that this document is the m
3、ost recent edition published. Approved by the Standard-Specific Interst Group for this Practice TAPPI CAUTION: This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to safe
4、ty issues related to such use. The user is responsible for determining that the safety precautions are complete and are appropriate to their use of the method, and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. This method may require the use, disposal,
5、 or both, of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Procedures for the handling of such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of p
6、otentially hazardous chemicals. Prior to the use of this method, the user must determine whether any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and, if so, must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer, as well as local, state, and federal authoriti
7、es for safe use and disposal of these chemicals. Interlaboratory evaluation of test methods to determine TAPPI repeatability and reproducibility 1. Scope1.1 This practice describes techniques for conducting and analyzing the results of intralaboratory and interlaboratory studies. The steps described
8、 here will result in a good statistical design that provides sound data for formulating a broadly applicable precision statement regarding the performance of a TAPPI test method. 1.2 Two values are considered: (a) repeatability, which is defined as comparison of test results within a laboratory (sam
9、e material, operator, apparatus, environmental conditions, making tests in the shortest reasonable timeframe); and (b) reproducibility, which is defined as comparison of test results among laboratories (same material, but different operator, apparatus and perhaps environmental conditions). 1.2.1 In
10、the data chain leading to test results there are many possible sources of variation, and one can conduct studies to isolate these other sources, e.g. same laboratory and operator using different instruments or different laboratories using a shared calibration standard etc. For the purposes of TAPPI
11、test methods, all of these sources of variation are to be captured in a reproducibility value. 2. Summary of practice 2.1 Reliable data may come from any of the following sources: existing data from a known source with sufficient supporting information, intralaboratory study, or interlaboratory stud
12、y. 2.2 To conduct an interlaboratory study, randomized test specimens of each of several materials are distributed to the participating laboratories, along with appropriate instructions and data sheets. Data returned by the laboratories are analyzed one material at a time. (An assumption that differ
13、ent materials will yield similar precision data is NOT made.) 2.3 Tabular, statistical, and graphical diagnostic procedures are used to estimate averages and variance of the method under question and to show unusual features of the data and patterns among materials that may affect the validity T 120
14、0 sp-14 Interlaboratory evaluation of test methods to / 2 determine TAPPI repeatability and reproducibility or form of the precision statement. 2.4 The information is appropriately summarized in a form from which the precision statement may be readily understood and applied by users of the test meth
15、od. 3. Significance 3.1 The precision statement gives an indication of the level of variability users of a TAPPI test method can expect. Examples of applications of these values are shown in Appendix A.3. 3.2 TAPPI Standards: Regulations and Style Guide requires precision statements in TAPPI Officia
16、l and Provisional Test Methods. Official Test Methods must have both repeatability and reproducibility estimates. Provisional Test Methods must have repeatability estimates. 4. Definitions 4.1 Test determination the value obtained by carrying out the series of operations specified in the test method
17、 whereby readings are made on a test specimen. 4.2 Test result the value obtained for one test unit of the sample. The result is either a single test determination or a specified combination of a number of test determinations (e.g., an average). The method must describe the manner in which each test
18、 determination is to be made, the number of test determinations to be made, and how these determinations must be combined to give the test results. For example, the test method for paper thickness, T 551 “Thickness of paper and paperboard (soft platen method)” requires one determination for each of
19、10 specimen strips; the test result for thickness is defined as the average of these 10 test determinations. 4.3 Repeatability an estimated limit below which the difference between two test results is expected to fall 95% of the time, when the results are obtained at a single laboratory. Repeatabili
20、ty reflects the variability inherent in the experimental system used to determine its value(s). 4.4 Repeatability conditions conditions that reflect the most controlled experimental circumstances possible. Major measurement biasing factors should remain constant including: equipment, operator, test
21、procedure, environmental conditions, sample preparation and in a single testing interval using presumably homogenous samples. 4.5 Reproducibility an estimated limit below which the difference between two test results is expected to fall 95% of the time, when the results are obtained in different qua
22、lified laboratories for the same homogeneous source of material. While each laboratory tests samples taken at random from a single source of material, all of the other factors influencing measurements not considered for repeatability contribute to the variability in the results obtained in different
23、 laboratories. 4.6 Reproducibility conditions conditions that reflect only the most basic control over measurement-influencing factors. Reproducibility conditions should include qualified personnel in qualified laboratories carrying out the same procedure (test method) on different samples of the sa
24、me presumably homogeneous material. Qualified laboratories are those having the required properly calibrated apparatus and environmental conditions and trained personnel who conscientiously follow the prescribed test method (see Section 5.3 for further information). Many of the influences that are c
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