ANSI LIA LASER Z136.1-2014 Safe Use of Lasers.pdf

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1、 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers ANSI Z136.1 2014 American National StandardANSIZ136.1 2014 Revision of ANSI Z136.1-2007 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers Secretariat Laser Institute of America Approved December 10, 2013 American National Standards Institute, Inc. A

2、merican National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standa

3、rd does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether or not he or she has approved the standard, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are encouraged to

4、 obtain the latest editions. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the

5、 date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Published by Laser Institute of America 13501 Ingenuity Drive, Suite 128 Orlando, FL 32826 ISBN: 978-1-940168-01-2 Copyrig

6、ht 2014 by Laser Institute of America. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be copied or reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system or be made available on the Internet, a public network, by satellite, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the pu

7、blisher. Printed in the United States of America. i Foreword (This introduction is not a normative part of ANSI Z136.1-2014, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers.In 1968, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approved the initiation of the Safe Use of Lasers Standards Project

8、 under the sponsorship of the Telephone Group. Prior to 1985, Z136 standards were developed by ANSI Committee Z136 and submitted for approval and issuance as ANSI Z136 standards. Since 1985, Z136 standards have been developed by the ANSI Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) Z136 for Safe Use of Lase

9、rs. A copy of the procedures for development of these standards can be obtained from the secretariat, Laser Institute of America, 13501 Ingenuity Drive, Suite 128, Orlando, FL 32826, or viewed at www.z136.org. The present scope of ASC Z136 is to protect against hazards associated with the use of las

10、ers and optically radiating diodes. ASC Z136 is responsible for the development and maintenance of this standard. In addition to the consensus body, ASC Z136 is composed of standards subcommittees (SSC) and technical subcommittees (TSC) involved in Z136 standards development and an editorial working

11、 group (EWG). At the time of this printing, the following standards and technical subcommittees were active: SSC-1 Safe Use of Lasers (parent document) SSC-2 Safe Use of Lasers and LEDs in Telecommunications Applications SSC-3 Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care SSC-4 Measurements and Instrumentation

12、SSC-5 Safe Use of Lasers in Educational Institutions SSC-6 Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors SSC-7 Eyewear and Protective Barriers SSC-8 Safe Use of Lasers in Research, Development, and Testing SSC-9 Safe Use of Lasers in Manufacturing Environments SSC-10 Safe Use of Lasers in Entertainment, Displays, and

13、 Exhibitions TSC-1 Biological Effects and Medical Surveillance TSC-2 Hazard Evaluation and Classification TSC-4 Control Measures and Training TSC-5 Non-Beam Hazards TSC-7 Analysis and Applications EWG Editorial Working Group ii The nine standards currently issued are: ANSI Z136.1-2014, American Nati

14、onal Standard for Safe Use of Lasers (replaces ANSI Z136.1-2007) ANSI Z136.2-2012, American National Standard for Safe Use of Optical Fiber Communication Systems Utilizing Laser Diode and LED Sources (replaces ANSI Z136.2-1997 American National Standard for Safe Use of Optical Fiber Communications S

15、ystems Utilizing Laser Diode and LED Sources) ANSI Z136.3-2011, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care (replaces ANSI Z136.3-2005 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care Facilities) ANSI Z136.4-2010, American National Standard Recommended Practice f

16、or Laser Safety Measurements for Hazard Evaluation (replaces ANSI Z136.4-2005) ANSI Z136.5-2009, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers in Educational Institutions (replaces ANSI Z136.5-2000) ANSI Z136.6-2005, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors (replaces ANSI Z136.

17、6-2000) ANSI Z136.7-2008, American National Standard for Testing and Labeling of Laser Protective Equipment (first edition) ANSI Z136.8-2012, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers in Research, Development, or Testing (first edition) ANSI Z136.9-2013, American National Standard for Safe U

18、se of Lasers in Manufacturing Environments (first edition) This American National Standard provides guidance for the safe use of lasers and laser systems by defining control measures for each of seven laser hazard classifications. Once a laser or laser system is properly classified, there should be

19、no need to carry out tedious measurements or calculations to meet the provisions of this standard. However, technical information on measurements, calculations and biological effects is also provided within the standard and its appendixes. It is expected that this standard will be periodically revis

20、ed as new information and experience in the use of lasers are gained. Future revisions may have modified content and the use of the most current document is highly recommended. While there is considerable compatibility among existing laser safety standards, some requirements differ among state, fede

21、ral, and international iii standards. These differences may have an effect on the particulars of the applicable control measures. Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning or intent of portions of this standard as it relates to specific applications. When the need for an interpretation

22、is brought to the attention of the secretariat, the secretariat will initiate action to prepare an appropriate response. Since ANSI Z136 standards represent a consensus of concerned interests, it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interes

23、ts. For this reason, the secretariat is not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration. Requests for interpretations and suggestions for improvements of the standard are welcome. They should be se

24、nt to ASC Z136 Secretariat, Laser Institute of America, 13501 Ingenuity Drive, Suite 128, Orlando, FL 32826. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by ASC Z136. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all members voted for its approval. Robert Thoma

25、s, Committee Chair Sheldon Zimmerman, Committee Vice-Chair Ben Edwards, Committee Secretary iv Notice (This notice is not a normative part of ANSI Z136.1-2014, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers. Z136 standards and recommended practices are developed through a consensus standards deve

26、lopment process approved by the American National Standards Institute. The process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on laser safety related issues. As secretariat to ASC Z136, the Laser Institute of America (LIA) administers the process and

27、 provides financial and clerical support to the committee. The LIA and its directors, officers, employees, members, affiliates, and sponsors, expressly disclaim liability for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compen

28、satory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document or these standards. The LIAs service as secretariat does not constitute, and LIA does not make any endorsement, warranty, or referral of any particular standards, practices, goods, or services that ma

29、y be referenced in this document. The LIA also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. The LIA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. In issuing and making this document av

30、ailable, the LIA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the LIA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as app

31、ropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. v Participants At the time it approved this standard, ASC Z136 had the following members: Organization Represented Name of Representative Academy of Laser Dentistry Scott

32、Benjamin Altos Photonics, Inc. Lucian Hand American Academy of Dermatology Mark Nestor American College of Obstetricians hence, calculations for viewing diffuse reflections are normally only necessary for accessible Class 4 lasers. The laser hazard classification system is based entirely on the lase

33、r radiation emission. Non-beam hazards must be dealt with separately and are addressed in Section 7. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z136.1-201431.3 Laser Safety Programs. 1.3.1 General. Management (employer) has the fundamental responsibility to ensure the safe use of lasers owned by and/or operated in

34、facilities under its control. Management (employer) shall establish and maintain an adequate program for the control of laser hazards. Employer and/or facility safety programs and employee training programs shall be provided for Class 3B or Class 4 lasers and laser systems, as well as for those lase

35、r systems with embedded Class 3B or Class 4 lasers where beam access by employees is required during maintenance and/or service. Employer and/or facility safety programs and employee training programs are not required for Class 1 lasers or Class 1 laser systems that do not contain embedded Class 3B

36、or Class 4 lasers (see Section 5 and Table 1-1). The following guidelines for laser safety programs contain requirements (designated by shall) and recommendations (designated by should). In the case of a recommendation it may be useful for the employer to review Section 3 of this standard and perfor

37、m a hazard evaluation, with particular emphasis on the total foreseen risk based on consideration of the laser, laser system and application, as well as the environment in which it is used and the personnel using the laser. The evaluation should include considerations such as the possibility of the

38、use of viewing optics, and the intentional or unintentional misuse of a laser. In many situations the implementation of a recommendation may not be necessary. In other situations, it may be useful or prudent to implement the recommendation in order to ensure the safe use of lasers for a specific app

39、lication. 1.3.2 Laser Safety Program Provisions. The laser safety program established by the employer (see Table 1-1) shall include provisions for the following: a) Designation of an individual as the LSO with the authority and responsibility to effect the knowledgeable evaluation and control of las

40、er hazards and the implementation of appropriate control measures, as well as to monitor and enforce compliance with required standards and regulations. The specific duties and responsibilities of the LSO are designated in normative Appendix A.3Throughout the body of this standard, it shall be under

41、stood that wherever duties or responsibilities of the LSO are specified, it will mean that the LSO either performs the stated task or ensures that the task is performed by a qualified individual(s). b) Education of authorized personnel (LSOs, operators, service personnel and others) in the safe use

42、of lasers and laser systems and, as applicable, the assessment and control of laser hazards. This may be accomplished through training programs. Employers should consider the benefits of initiating awareness training for employees working with and around lasers and laser systems greater than Class 1

43、. If training is warranted for embedded lasers, it shall extend to those routinely around the systems who will be present when maintenance requiring beam access or service occurs (see Section 5 and Appendix E). c) Application of adequate control measures for the mitigation of laser hazards as requir

44、ed in Section 4. 3A normative appendix is an extension of the standard, and as such is an integral part of the standard. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z136.1-20144d) Incident investigation, including reporting of alleged accidents to or by the LSO, and preparation of action plans for the prevention of

45、future accidents following a known or suspected incident. e) Appropriate medical examinations are considered in accordance with Section 6 and Appendix F. f) Formation of a Laser Safety Committee when the number, hazards, complexity and/or diversity of laser activities warrants. The structure and res

46、ponsibilities for a Laser Safety Committee are presented in Appendix A. 1.3.3 Personnel Responsibilities. Employees who work with lasers or laser systems and their supervisors have responsibilities for establishing the safe use of those lasers within their purview. Suggested responsibilities for the

47、se individuals are provided in Appendix A3. Individuals involved in purchasing lasers and laser systems should coordinate with the LSO to aid in the implementation of the laser safety program. Suggested actions are provided in Appendix A3. Individuals fabricating, altering or installing a Class 3B o

48、r Class 4 laser or laser system should coordinate with the LSO to aid in the implementation of the laser safety program. 2. Acronyms and Definitions 2.1 Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in this Standard. AEL accessible emission limit ANSI American National Standards Institute ASC accredited standards

49、 committee CDRH Center for Devices and Radiological Health (USA) CFR Code of Federal Regulations CPR cardio-pulmonary resuscitation CW continuous wave DLSO deputy laser safety officer EWG editorial working group FAA Federal Aviation Administration FDA Food and Drug Administration FLPPS Federal Laser Product Performance Standard Hz hertz IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IR infrared J joules JO joint order Laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation LCA laser con