ANSI INCITS ISO IEC 2382-4-1999 Information technology - Vocabulary - Part 4 Organization of data.pdf

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1、INCITS/ISO/IEC 2382-4:19992009 (ISO/IEC 2382-4:1999, IDT) Information technology Vocabulary Part 4: Organizationof dataINCITS/ISO/IEC 2382-4:19992009(ISO/IEC 2382-4:1999, IDT)INCITS/ISO/IEC 2382-4:19992009 ii ITIC 2009 All rights reserved PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces.

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3、dobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized f

4、or printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technolo

5、gy Standards) as an American National Standard. Date of ANSI Approval: 3/23/2009 Published by American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 2009 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). All rights reserved. These materials are subject to copy

6、right claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including an

7、electronic retrieval system, without the prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Printed in the United States of America iiiContentsPageForewordvIntroductionviiSection 1: General1.1 Scope. 11.2 No

8、rmative references 11.3 Principles and rules followed. 21.3.1 Definition of an entry. 21.3.2 Organization of an entry 21.3.3 Classification of entries. 31.3.4 Selection of terms and wording of definitions 31.3.5 Multiple meanings . 31.3.6 Abbreviations 31.3.7 Use of parentheses. 41.3.8 Use of bracke

9、ts. 41.3.9 Use of terms printed in italic typeface in definitions and the useof an asterisk. 41.3.10 Spelling . 51.3.11 Organization of the alphabetical index 5Section 2: Terms and definitions04 Organization of data 604.01 Character sets. 604.02 Codes 704.03 Graphic characters 804.04 Control charact

10、ers. 1004.05 Strings. 1104.06 Words 1204.07 Structuring of data. 1204.08 Lists. 1404.09 Delimiters and identifiers. 1504.10 Trees. 17Figure 1 Stack, queue, and dequeue 18Figure 2 B-tree of order 2 18Alphabetical indexesEnglish 19French. 22INCITS/ISO/IEC 2382-4:19992009 ITIC 2009 All rights reservedi

11、v SommairePageAvant-proposviIntroduction.viiiSection 1: Gnralits1.1 Domaine dapplication.11.2 Rfrences normatives11.3 Principes dtablissement et rgles suivies.21.3.1 Dfinition de larticle21.3.2 Constitution dun article.21.3.3 Classification des articles31.3.4 Choix des termes et des dfinitions31.3.5

12、 Pluralit de sens ou polysmie .31.3.6 Abrviations 31.3.7 Emploi des parenthses41.3.8 Emploi des crochets41.3.9 Emploi dans les dfinitions de termes imprims en caractresitaliques et de lastrisque.41.3.10 Mode dcriture et orthographe.51.3.11 Constitution de lindex alphabtique5Section 2: Termes et dfin

13、itions04 Organisation des donnes604.01 Jeux de caractres604.02 Codes704.03 Caractres graphiques804.04 Caractres de commande.1004.05 Chanes.1104.06 Mots 1204.07 Structuration des donnes1204.08 Listes.1404.09 Dlimiteurs et identificateurs.1504.10 Arbres17Figure 1 Pile, file dattente et file deux entre

14、s 18Figure 2 Arbre de type B dordre 218Index alphabtiquesAnglais 19Franais 22INCITS/ISO/IEC 2382-4:19992009 ITIC 2009 All rights reservedvForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the InternationalElectrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide

15、standardization.National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of InternationalStandards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal withparticular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields

16、ofmutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, inliaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IECDirectives, Part 3.In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC

17、have established a joint technicalcommittee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technicalcommittee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standardrequires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.Attention i

18、s drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO/IEC 2382 maybe the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any orall such patent rights.International Standard ISO/IEC 2382-4 was prepared by Joint Technical CommitteeISO/IEC JTC 1, I

19、nformation technology, Subcommittee SC 1, Vocabulary.This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 2382-4:1987, which has been technically revised.ISO/IEC 2382 will consist of some 37 parts, under the general title Information technology Vocabulary.INCITS/ISO/IEC 2382-4:19992009 ITIC 2009 All rights r

20、eservedvi Avant-proposLISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) et la CEI (Commission lectrotechniqueinternationale) forment le systme spcialis de la normalisation mondiale. Les organismesnationaux membres de lISO ou de la CEI participent au dveloppement de Normesinternationales par linter

21、mdiaire des comits techniques crs par lorganisation concerneafin de soccuper des domaines particuliers de lactivit technique. Les comits techniques delISO et de la CEI collaborent dans des domaines dintrt commun. Dautres organisationsinternationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liai

22、son avec lISO et la CEIparticipent galement aux travaux.Les Normes internationales sont rdiges conformment aux rgles donnes dans lesDirectives ISO/CEI, Partie 3.Dans le domaine des technologies de linformation, lISO et la CEI ont cr un comittechnique mixte, lISO/CEI JTC 1. Les projets de Normes inte

23、rnationales adopts par le comittechnique mixte sont soumis aux organismes nationaux pour vote. Leur publication commeNormes internationales requiert lapprobation de 75 % au moins des organismes nationauxvotants.Lattention est appele sur le fait que certains des lments de la prsente partie delISO/CEI

24、 2382 peuvent faire lobjet de droits de proprit intellectuelle ou de droits analogues.LISO et la CEI ne sauraient tre tenues pour responsables de ne pas avoir identifi de telsdroits de proprit et averti de leur existence.La Norme internationale ISO/CEI 2382-4 a t labore par le comit technique mixteI

25、SO/CEI JTC 1, Technologies de linformation, sous-comit SC 1, Vocabulaire.Cette premire dition annule et remplace lISO 2382-4:1987, dont elle constitue une rvisiontechnique.LISO/CEI 2382 comprendra environ 37 parties, prsentes sous le titre gnral Technologiesde linformation Vocabulaire.INCITS/ISO/IEC

26、 2382-4:19992009 ITIC 2009 All rights reservedviiIntroductionInformation technology gives rise to numerous international exchanges of both an intellectualand a material nature. These exchanges often become difficult, either because of the greatvariety of terms used in various fields or languages to

27、express the same concept, or because ofthe absence or imprecision of the definitions of useful concepts.To avoid misunderstandings and to facilitate such exchanges it is essential to clarify theconcepts, to select terms to be used in various languages or in various countries to express thesame conce

28、pt, and to establish definitions providing satisfactory equivalents for the variousterms in different languages.ISO 2382 was initially based mainly on the usage to be found in the Vocabulary of InformationProcessing which was established and published by the International Federation for InformationP

29、rocessing and the International Computation Centre, and in the American National Dictionaryfor Information Processing Systems and its earlier editions published by the American NationalStandards Institute (formerly known as the American Standards Association). Published andDraft International Standa

30、rds relating to information technology of other internationalorganizations (such as the International Telecommunication Union and the InternationalElectrotechnical Commission) as well as published and draft national standards have also beenconsidered.The purpose of ISO/IEC 2382 is to provide definit

31、ions that are rigorous, uncomplicated andwhich can be understood by all concerned. The scope of each concept defined has beenchosen to provide a definition that is suitable for general application. In those circumstances,where a restricted application is concerned, the definition may need to be more

32、 specific.However, while it is possible to maintain the self-consistency of individual parts, the reader iswarned that the dynamics of language and the problems associated with the standardizationand maintenance of vocabularies may introduce duplications and inconsistencies among parts.INCITS/ISO/IE

33、C 2382-4:19992009 ITIC 2009 All rights reservedviii IntroductionLes technologies de linformation sont lorigine de multiples changes intellectuels etmatriels sur le plan international. Ceux-ci souffrent souvent de difficults provoques par ladiversit des termes utiliss pour exprimer la mme notion dans

34、 des langues ou des domainesdiffrents, ou encore de labsence ou de limprcision des dfinitions pour les notions les plusutiles.Pour viter des malentendus et faciliter de tels changes, il parat essentiel de prciser lesnotions, de choisir les termes employer dans les diffrentes langues et dans les dive

35、rs payspour exprimer la mme notion, et dtablir pour ces termes des dfinitions quivalentes danschaque langue.LISO 2382 a t base lorigine principalement sur lusage tel quil a t relev, dune part,dans le Vocabulary of Information Processing tabli et publi par lInternational Federation forInformation Pro

36、cessing et le Centre international de calcul et, dautre part, dans lAmericanNational Dictionary for Information Processing Systems y compris ses ditions prcdentespublies par lAmerican National Standards Institute (connu auparavant sous lappellationdAmerican Standards Association). Les Normes interna

37、tionales publies ou au stade deprojets concernant les technologies de linformation manant dautres organisationsinternationales (telles que lUnion internationale des tlcommunications et la Commissionlectrotechnique internationale) ainsi que les normes nationales publies ou au stade deprojets, ont gal

38、ement t prises en compte.Le but de lISO/CEI 2382 est de procurer des dfinitions rigoureuses, simples etcomprhensibles pour tous les intresss. La porte de chaque notion a t choisie de faonque sa dfinition puisse avoir la valeur la plus gnrale. Cependant, il est parfois ncessaire derestreindre une not

39、ion un domaine plus troit et de lui donner alors une dfinition plusspcifique.Dautre part, si lon peut assurer la cohrence interne de chaque partie prise individuellement,la cohrence des diverses parties entre elles est plus difficile atteindre. Le lecteur ne doit passen tonner : la dynamique des lan

40、gues et les problmes de ltablissement et de la rvisiondes normes de vocabulaire peuvent tre lorigine de quelques rptitions ou contradictionsentre des parties qui ne sont pas toutes prpares et publies simultanment.INCITS/ISO/IEC 2382-4:19992009 ITIC 2009 All rights reservedAMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

41、INCITS/ISO/IEC 2382-4:199920091Information technology Vocabulary Technologies delinformation Vocabulaire Part 4:Organization of dataPartie 4:Organisation des donnesSection 1: General Section 1: Gnralits1.1 Scope 1.1 Domaine dapplicationThis part of ISO/IEC 2382 is intended to facilitateinternational

42、 communication in information technology. Itpresents, in two languages, terms and definitions ofselected concepts relevant to the field of informationtechnology and identifies relationships among the entries.La prsente partie de lISO/CEI 2382 a pour objet defaciliter les changes internationaux dans

43、le domaine destechnologies de linformation. cet effet, elle prsente unensemble bilingue de termes et de dfinitions ayant trait des notions choisies dans ce domaine, et dfinit lesrelations pouvant exister entre les diffrentes notions.In order to facilitate their translation into other languages,the d

44、efinitions are drafted so as to avoid, as far as possible,any peculiarity attached to a language.Les dfinitions ont t tablies de manire viter lesparticularismes propres une langue donne, en vue defaciliter leur transposition dans les langues autres quecelles ayant servi la rdaction initiale.This par

45、t of ISO/IEC 2382 deals in particular with charactersets, codes, graphic characters, control characters, strings,words, sets of data, separators and identifiers.La prsente partie de lISO/CEI 2382 traite notamment desjeux de caractres, des codes, des caractres graphiques,des caractres de commande, de

46、s chanes, des mots, desensembles de donnes, des sparateurs et desidentificateurs.1.2 Normative references 1.2 Rfrences normativesThe following normative documents contain provisionswhich, through reference in this text, constitute provisions ofthis part of ISO/IEC 2382. For dated references,subseque

47、nt amendments to, or revisions of, any of thesepublications do not apply. However, parties to agreementsbased on this part of ISO/IEC 2382 are encouraged toinvestigate the possibility of applying the most recenteditions of the normative documents indicated below. Forundated references, the latest ed

48、ition of the normativedocument referred to applies. Members of ISO and IECmaintain registers of currently valid International Standards.Les documents normatifs suivants contiennent desdispositions qui, par suite de la rfrence qui y est faite,constituent des dispositions valables pour la prsente partiede lISO/CEI 2382. Pour les rfrences dates, lesamendements ultrieurs ou les rvisions de cespublications ne sappliquent pas. Toutefois, les partiesprenantes aux accords fonds sur la prsente partie delISO/CEI 2382