ANSI ASHRAE 105-2014 Standard Methods of Measuring Expressing and Comparing Building Energy Performance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.pdf

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1、ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 105-2014Standard Methods ofDetermining, Expressing,and Comparing BuildingEnergy Performance andGreenhouse Gas EmissionsApproved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on January 18, 2014; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on January 22, 2014;and by the American National Standards Inst

2、itute on February 19, 2014.ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard number is the year ofASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased on the ASHRAE website(www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Custom

3、er Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail:ordersashrae.org. Fax: 678-539-2129. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US andCanada). For reprint permission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions. 2014 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336Includes Web-based

4、 access to building and site energy-use forms.(Requires Microsoft Word.)SPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE.Consensus is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a m

5、ember and which has approved thisstandard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrenceof more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered,

6、 and that aneffort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliancemandatory through legislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and publ

7、ic review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the

8、subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all ProjectCommittees.The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive cr

9、iticism for improving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, ce

10、rtify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY

11、 ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes,bysuggestingsafepracticesindesigningandinstallingequipment,byprovidingproperdefinitionsofthisequipment,andbyprovidingother information that may se

12、rve to guide the industry.The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,tha

13、t the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 105CognizantTC:TC 7.6, Building Energy PerformanceSPLS Liaison: James R.TaubyKeith I. Emerson, Chair* Adam W. Hinge*David R. Conover* Dennis R. Landsberg*Michael P. Deru* Neil P. Leslie*Mark R. Heizer*Denotes members of voti

14、ng status when the document was approved for publicationASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20132014William F. Walter, Chair David R. Conover Malcolm D. KnightRichard L. Hall, Vice-Chair John F. Dunlap Rick A. LarsonKarim Amrane James W. Earley, Jr. Mark P. ModeraJoseph R. Anderson Steven J. Emmerich Cyrus H

15、. NasseriJames Dale Aswegan Julie M. Ferguson Janice C. PetersonCharles S. Barnaby Krishnan Gowri Heather L. PlattSteven F. Bruning Cecily M. Grzywacz Douglas T. ReindlJohn A. Clark Rita M. Harrold Julia A. Keen, BOD ExOWaller S. Clements Adam W. Hinge Thomas E. Werkema, Jr., CODebra H. KennoyStepha

16、nie C. Reiniche, Manager of StandardsCONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 105-2014,Standard Methods of Determining, Expressing, and ComparingBuilding Energy Performance and Greenhouse Gas EmissionsSECTION PAGEForeword. 21 Purpose 22 Scope . 23 Definitions. 24 Compliance. 35 Measurement and Expression of Bui

17、lding Energy and Site Energy. 36 Determination and Expression of Primary Energy Performance 57 Determination and Expression of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 58 Additional Expressions of Building Energy Performance .69 Comparison of Building Energy Performance or Greenhouse Gas Emissions 7Normative Append

18、ix A: Form 1Building Characteristics .10Normative Appendix B: Form 2Site Energy Performance Summary 11Normative Appendix C: Form 3Primary Energy Performance Summary .12Normative Appendix D: Form 4Greenhouse Gas Emissions Summary13Normative Appendix E: Form 5Additional Expressions of Energy Performan

19、ce orGreenhouse Gas Emissions14Normative Appendix F: Form 6Comparison of Energy Performance or Greenhouse Gas Emissions15Informative Appendix G: Fuel Heat Content Conversion ValuesOther Fuels .16Informative Appendix H: Measuring Energy Use17Informative Appendix I: Adjusting Energy Use to a 365-Day Y

20、ear .19Informative Appendix J: Boundary Conditions and Derived Conversion Factors for Comparisons20Informative Appendix K: References and Bibliography 27NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/techn

21、ology. 2014 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.2 ANSI/ASHRA

22、E Standard 105-2014(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not beenprocessed according to the ANSI requirements for astandard and may contain material that has not beensubject to public re

23、view or a consensus process.Unresolved objectors on informative material are notoffered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDThis edition of ASHRAE Standard 105 provides amethod of energy performance determination, expression,and comparison in mandatory language that can be appliedto any b

24、uilding. It is intended to provide a common basis forreporting building energy use in terms of delivered energyforms and expressions of energy performance, for comparingdesign options, and for comparing energy performance interms of energy resources used and greenhouse gas emis-sions created, both a

25、cross buildings and for energy efficiencymeasures within buildings.The standard provides a great deal of flexibility foradopting agencies and authorities. The basis for all energymeasurements is the annual energy flow across the buildingand site boundaries. This edition of the standard supple-ments

26、site energy measurements with methods of determin-ing primary energy and greenhouse gas emissions at theoption of the adopting authority. Primary energy and green-house gas equivalence conversion factors have been left tothe discretion of the adopting authority. The committee hasincluded an informat

27、ive appendix with multipliers that maybe chosen by the adopting authority if desired.This standard is accompanied by supplemental files thatinclude the forms shown in Normative Appendices A, B, C, D,E, and F, which can be located online at www.ashrae.org/105-2014forms.1. PURPOSEThis standard is inte

28、nded to foster a commonality indetermining and reporting the energy performance of build-ings to facilitate a comparison of design strategies or operationimprovements in buildings as well as the development ofbuilding energy performance standards and reporting ofgreenhouse gas emissions associated w

29、ith building operation.It provides a consistent method of determining, expressing,and comparing the energy performance of new and existingbuildings and greenhouse gas emissions associated with thedesign of new buildings and operation of existing buildings.2. SCOPE2.1 This standard coversa. new build

30、ings and existing buildings or portions thereof;b. the determination and expression of building energyperformance and the estimate of greenhouse gas emis-sions associated with that energy use; andc. techniques for the comparison of the energy perfor-mance and associated greenhouse gas emissionsbetwe

31、en different buildings, alternative designs for thesame new building, or for improvements in the opera-tion of existing buildings.2.2 This standard does nota. establish building energy performance or greenhouse gasemissions goals or limits;b. present a method for certification of prediction method-o

32、logy, such as computer programs;c. address embodied energy of building materials and sys-tems; ord. incorporate transportation energy or associated green-house gas emissions for building functions, includingcommuting, business travel, and process transportation.3. DEFINITIONSadopting authority: the

33、agency or agent that adopts this stan-dard.avoided energy: energy not consumed through the use ofenergy efficiency measures based on the last units of energysubtracted from a system.avoided greenhouse gas emissions: greenhouse gas not emit-ted through the use of energy efficiency measures based on t

34、helast units of energy subtracted from a system.building: a structure wholly or partially enclosed within exte-rior walls, or within exterior and party walls, and a roof,affording shelter to persons, animals, or property.building energy: energy consumed by a building as measuredat the boundaries of

35、the building (Ebld).building energy performance: a measure of how a buildingperforms with respect to energy consumption divided by anormalization parameter (e.g., kBtu/ft2yr) in terms of deliv-ered energy forms to the building or building site or in termsof the resources consumed to generate, transm

36、it, and deliverthose energy forms to the building site.building site: a building, or group of buildings, and site thatutilize a single submittal for a construction permit or that arewithin the boundary of contiguous properties under singleownership or effective parison framework: a set of data and a

37、 methodology thatserve as the basis of comparison for a building or building sitewith respect to energy performance or greenhouse gas emis-sions.conditioned: provided with a heat supply capable of maintain-ing an air temperature of 50F (10C) or higher inside a build-ing space, or provided with a coo

38、ling supply capable ofmaintaining an air temperature of 86F (30C) or lower insidea building space.energy: the capacity for doing work. Energy takes a number offorms that may be transformed from one into another, such asthermal (heat), mechanical (work), electrical, or chemical.Customary measurement

39、units are British thermal units (Btu),Joules or kilowatt-hours (kWh).ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 105-2014 3energy cost: the total cost for energy supplied to a building orbuilding site, including such charges as base charges, demandcharges, customer charges, power factor charges, and miscel-laneous charges

40、, such as sales taxes.energy form: any viable type of energy delivered for use in thebuilding, including electricity, purchased or delivered steam,hot water or chilled water, natural gas, biogas, landfill gas,bituminous coal, anthracite coal, lignite, coke, ethane,propane, liquid petroleum gas, gaso

41、line (including aviation),special naphtha, kerosene, distillate fuel oil (including diesel),still gas, petroleum coke, residual fuel oil, wood, and any othermaterial consumed as fuel.energy performance: an expression of energy use relative tospecific building characteristics or other factors that al

42、lowspotential comparison with other proposed buildings, newbuildings, or existing buildings.existing building: a building or portion thereof that has beenin operation and normal use for at least 12 consecutive monthsfollowing the date of initial occupancy or the date of the certif-icate of occupancy

43、, or occupancy class change, whichever islater.greenhouse gas emissions: A measure used to determine andcompare the emissions from various greenhouse gases basedupon their 100-year time horizon global warming potential(GWP). Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions fromcarbon dioxide (CO2), methan

44、e (CH4), and nitrous oxide(N2O) are included. The CO2e for a gas is derived by multi-plying the weight of the gas by the associated GWP.gross floor area: the sum of the floor areas of all the spaceswithin the building with no deductions for floor penetrationsother than atria. It is measured from the

45、 exterior faces of exte-rior walls or from the centerline of walls separating buildings,but it excludes covered walkways, open roofed-over areas,porches and similar spaces, pipe trenches, exterior terraces orsteps, roof overhangs, parking garages, surface parking, andsimilar features.heating value:

46、the amount of heat produced by the completecombustion of a unit quantity of fuel.new building: any building or portion thereof that is not anexisting building.normalization parameter: a factor or parameter that allowsfor the normalization of energy use by the factor or parameter(e.g., Btu/studentyr

47、or kWh/widgetyr) chosen to allow forexpression of energy performance.on-site: located within the building site.primary energy: energy consumed by a building as measuredat the building site plus the energy consumed in the extraction,processing, and transport of primary fuels such as coal, oil, andnat

48、ural gas; energy losses in thermal combustion in power-generation plants; and energy losses in transmission and distri-bution to the building site.primary energy performance: primary energy divided by anormalization parameter (e.g., kBtu/ft2yr).proposed building: any building or portion thereof that

49、 is inthe design or construction phase.renewable energy: energy forms derived from incoming solarradiation, including energy from photosynthetic processes;energy from resulting phenomena, including wind, waves, andtides, plant material and animal waste; and energy from theinternal heat of the earth.site energy: energy consumed by a building as measured at theboundaries of the building site (Esite).site energy performance: site energy divided by a normaliza-tion parameter (e.g., kBtu/ft2yr)stored imported energy: energy forms that are stored on th