AASHTO T 246-2010 Standard Method of Test for Resistance to Deformation and Cohesion of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by Means of Hveem Apparatus.pdf

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1、Standard Method of Test for Resistance to Deformation and Cohesion of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by Means of Hveem Apparatus AASHTO Designation: T 246-10 (2015)1 ASTM Designation: D1560-09 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washingt

2、on, D.C. 20001 TS-2d T 246-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for Resistance to Deformation and Cohesion of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by Means of Hveem Apparatus AASHTO Designation: T 246-10 (2015)1ASTM Designation: D1560-09 1. SCOPE 1.1. These methods cover the determination of (1) the resistance to defo

3、rmation of compacted HMA mixtures by measuring the lateral pressure developed from applying a vertical load by means of the Hveem stabilometer; and (2) the cohesion of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring the forces required to break or bend the sample as a cantilever beam by means of the Hvee

4、m cohesiometer.22. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: T 247, Preparation of Test Specimens of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by Means of California Kneading Compactor T 312, Preparing and Determining the Density of Asphalt Mixture Specimens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor RESISTANCE TO

5、DEFORMATION 3. APPARATUS 3.1. StabilometerThe Hveem stabilometer (Figures 1 and 2) is a triaxial testing device consisting essentially of a rubber sleeve within a metal cylinder containing a liquid that registers the horizontal pressure developed by a compacted test specimen as a vertical load is ap

6、plied. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2d T 246-2 AASHTO Air cellDisplacement pumpAmes dialRubber sleeve200-psi pressure gaugeBase adjustment nutFigure 1Hveem Stabilometer Follower for

7、 ApplyingLoad to SpecimenNeedle ValveAir Chamber Manually OperatedScrew-Type PumpLiquid Under SmallInitial PressureFlexible DiaphragmLI Q UI DLI Q UI DSpecimenAdjustableStagePlaten of Testing MachinePressure GaugeRecording Poundsper Square InchHead of Testing MachineNot to ScaleNotes: 1. The specime

8、n is given lateral support by the flexible sidewall, which transmits horizontal pressure to the liquid. 2. The magnitude of the pressure can be read on the gauge. Figure 2Diagrammatic Sketch of the Hveem Stabilometer (not to scale) 3.2. Testing MachineA compression testing machine having a minimum c

9、apacity of 44.5 kN (10,000 lbf). Figure 3 shows the assembly of the stabilometer in a testing machine. The 222-kN (50,000-lbf) capacity compression testing machine specified in T 247 is normally used to perform the stabilometer test. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportati

10、on Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2d T 246-3 AASHTO Figure 3Hveem Stabilometer Mounted in the Testing Machine 3.3. Test Specimen Push-Out DeviceA lever device, attached to the press, to push the specimen out of the mold. (See Figure 4.) Other acceptabl

11、e apparatus may be used. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2d T 246-4 AASHTO 0.635 cm (0.25 in.)5.08 cm(2 in.)Drill 0.992-cm(2564-in.) DiaTap for 1.111 cm(716 in.) 20 Trd.1.826-cm (2332-

12、in.) BoltDrill Cl. Hole for1.111 cm ( in.)20 Cap Screw5.08 cm (2 in.)1.430 cm(916 in.)0.794 cm(516 in.) Typ.0.794 cm(516in.)Drill 0.635-cm (0.25-in.) Dia4 PiecesDrill 1.905-cm (0.75-in.) Dia12 Pieces0.635 cm(0.75 in.)25.40 cm(10 in.)12.70 cm(5 in.)1.588 cm(0.625 in.)2.223 cm (0.875 in.)6.350-cm (2.5

13、-in.) Dia1.588-cm(0.625-in.) RadDrill 1.191-cm(1532-in.) Dia1.826 cm (2332 in.)Chamfer0.318 cm x 45(0.125 in. x 45)1.270-cm (0.5-in.) Spacers(4 Required)FollowerMoldSpecimen45.72 cm (18 in.)1.430 cm ( in.)91611.430 cm (4.5 in.)3.175 cm(1.25 in.) Approx.2.54 cm(1 in.)1.905 cm(0.75 in.)1.905-cm (0.75-

14、in.) Dia0.953-cm(0.375-in.) Rad2.54 cm (1 in.)1.27 cm (0.5 in.)0.635-cm (0.25-in.) Rad1.349 cm ( in.)17320.635-cm (0.25-in.) Rad66.04 cm (26 in.)3.651 cm(1716in.)3.016 cm(1316in.)2.223 cm (0.875 in.)1.905 cm (0.75 in.)1.905 cm(0.75 in.)716View Showing Device in Operation2.223 cm (0.875 in.)( in.)916

15、1.430 cm0.953 cm(0.375 in.)0.953 cm (0.375 in.)Figure 4Detailed Drawings of the Test Specimen Push-Out Device 3.4. OvenAn oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 60 3C (140 5F). 3.5. Calibration CylinderA hollow metal cylinder, 101.6 0.13 mm (4 0.005 in.) in outside diameter by 140 25 mm (51/2

16、1 in.) high (for calibration purposes). 3.6. Rubber BulbFor introducing air into the stabilometer. 3.7. FollowerOne solid wall metal follower, 101.2 mm (3.985 in.) in diameter by 140 mm (51/2in.) high (see Figures 5 and 6). Figure 5Specimen Follower 2015 by the American Association of State Highway

17、and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2d T 246-5 AASHTO Continuous V-WeldTop and BottomEnds to be Squarewith OutsideDiameterOne RequiredC.R. SteelCad PlateSharp Edge atBottomBreakLightly with File1.52-mm(0.06-in.) Rad31.75-mm (1.25-in.)Dia

18、Drill1.52-mm (0.06-in.)Rad Both Sides(Finger Hole)101.219 0.127 mm(3.985 0.005 in.) Dia93.980-mm(3.700-in.) Dia9.40 mm(0.37 in.)9.40 mm(0.37 in.)3.18 mm(0.125 in.)139.70 6.35 mm(5.50 0.25 in.)Figure 6Detail Drawing of the Specimen Follower 4. TEST SPECIMENS 4.1. Size of SpecimensTest specimens shall

19、 be 102 mm (4 in.) in diameter. The height of the test specimens should be 64 3 mm (2.5 0.1 in.). However, if this height cannot be obtained, the stabilometer value shall be corrected as indicated by Figure 7. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights

20、reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2d T 246-6 AASHTO Figure 7Chart for Correcting Stabilometer Values to Specimen Height of 2.5 in. (64 mm) 4.2. Compaction of SpecimensTest specimens shall be formed and compacted in accordance with T 247; or compacted into a 4-in. diameter mol

21、d using a Superpave gyratory compactor, a gyratory shear compactor, or other type of compactor. Note 1Specimens compacted by different means may not have similar stabilometer or cohesiometer values. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. D

22、uplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2d T 246-7 AASHTO 5. ADJUSTMENT OF STABILOMETER 5.1. Adjust the stabilometer base so that the distance from the bottom of the upper tapered ring (Figure 1) to the top of the base is 89 mm (3.5 in.). 5.2. Adjust the amount of air in the air cell so that

23、when the liquid pressure is increased from 34.5 to 689 kPa (5 to 100 psi) by turning the pump handle at the approximate rate of two turns per second, the turns indicator will indicate 2.00 0.05 turns with the metal calibration cylinder in the stabilometer chamber. 5.3. With the stabilometer and stag

24、e base in position on the platen, adjust the testing machine so that the load will be applied at the rate of 1.3 mm (0.05 in.)/min. 6. PROCEDURE 6.1. Bring the specimen to a temperature of 60 3C (140 5F). Note 2Bring the specimen to room temperature in the case where it is desired to test with whate

25、ver moisture may be present in the mixture. 6.2. Transfer the compacted specimen from the mold to the stabilometer by means of the push-out device described in Section 2.3. Make sure that the specimen goes into the stabilometer straight, with the tamped end up, and that it is firmly seated level on

26、the base. Place the 140-mm (51/2-in.) follower on top of the specimen and turn the displacement pump until a horizontal pressure of exactly 34.5 kPa (5 psi) is recorded on the stabilometer gauge. If the testing machine has a spherically seated type of upper head, the locking shims used during the fa

27、brication of the test specimen must be removed prior to performing the stabilometer test. Start the vertical movement of the press (speed of 1.3 mm (0.05 in.)/min) and record the stabilometer gauge readings when the vertical load is 2.23, 4.45, 8.90, 13.4, 17.8, 22.3, and 26.7 kN (500, 1000, 2000, 3

28、000, 4000, 5000, and 6000 lbf). Stop the vertical movement of the press when the total load reaches 26.7 kN (6000 lbf). Immediately reduce the vertical load to 4.45 kN (1000 lbf) and then adjust the horizontal pressure to 34.5 kPa (5 psi). This will result in a further reduction of the vertical load

29、 in less than 4.45 kN (1000 lbf). This is normal and no compensation need be made. Measure the number of turns of the pump handle required to raise the horizontal pressure from 34.5 to 689 kPa (5 to 100 psi) with the specimen in place. Turn the pump handle at approximately two turns per second when

30、applying this pressure. The number of turns measured is the displacement reading, D. In measuring the displacement, the vertical load will increase and at times exceed 4.45 kN (1000 lbf). As before, these changes in load are characteristic and no adjustment or compensation is required. 7. CALCULATIO

31、NS 7.1. Determine the stabilometer value of the specimen as follows: ( )22.2/ 0.222h vhSPDPP=+(1) where: S = stabilometer value; Ph= horizontal pressure, for corresponding Pvin kPa (or psi); D = displacement on specimen; and Pv= vertical pressure (typically 2800 kPa (400 psi). 2015 by the American A

32、ssociation of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2d T 246-8 AASHTO 8. REPORT 8.1. The report shall include the following: 8.1.1. Stabilometer value, 8.1.2. Test temperature, and 8.1.3. Bitumen content. COHESION Note 3Cohesi

33、on testing is optional and is not required to determine Hveem Stability. 9. APPARATUS 9.1. CohesiometerA Hveem cohesiometer, as shown in Figures 8 and 9.3 Figure 8Hveem Cohesiometer 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a v

34、iolation of applicable law.TS-2d T 246-9 AASHTO Micro SwitchShot SupplyShot ControlShot ReceiverOn-Off SwitchFanStrip HeaterInsulated BoxCounterWeightsStationaryPlatesThermometerHinged TopThermostatMovable PlatesBriquettePosition of SpecimenAfter BreakingFigure 9Detailed Drawing of the Hveem Cohesio

35、meter 9.2. Steel Shot2000 g of steel shot, size No. 10, all passing a 2-mm (No. 10) sieve and retained on a 1.4-mm (No. 14) sieve. 9.3. OvenAn oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 60 1C (140 2F).39.4. BalanceA balance having a capacity of 5 kg and sensitive to 1 g or less. Note 4Other materi

36、als may be used, provided a rate of loading is achieved which is equivalent to that obtained when using steel shot. 10. TEST SPECIMENS 10.1. Preparation of SpecimenThe test specimen will normally be the compacted specimen used after completion of the stabilometer test. If the sample is taken from a

37、compressed pavement slab by means other than coring, it should be cut to size with a suitable saw. 10.2. Size of SpecimensThe cohesiometer is designed to test specimens up to 127 mm (5 in.) in width and from 25 mm (1 in.) to 76 mm (3 in.) high. 11. PROCEDURE 11.1. Place the specimen to be tested in

38、the oven and allow to stand until the temperature is 60 1C (140 2F) throughout (this normally will require a minimum of 2 h). 11.2. Preheat the cohesiometer to 60 1C (140 2F). Clamp the test specimen firmly in the cohesiometer, being certain that it is well centered with the top plates parallel with

39、 the surface of the specimen. Tighten the clamp nuts until snug using the fingers only. Delay starting the test until the temperature within the cohesiometer cabinet returns to 60 1C (140 2F). Allow the shot to flow into the receiver at the end of the lever arm at a rate of flow of 1800 20 g/min. St

40、op the flow of shot when the specimen breaks or when the lever arm deflects 13 mm (1/2in.) from the horizontal, if that occurs before the specimen breaks. Determine and record the mass of shot to the nearest gram. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rig

41、hts reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2d T 246-10 AASHTO 12. CALCULATIONS 12.1. Calculate the cohesiometer values as follows: U.S. Customary Units: ( )2/ 0.20 0.044C LW H H= + (2) Metric Units: ( )2/ 0.0310 0.00269C LW H H= + (3) where: C = cohesiometer value, g/25 mm (1 in.)

42、 of width corrected to 76-mm (3-in.) height; L = weight of shot, g; W = diameter, or width of specimen, cm (or in.); and H = height of specimen, cm (or in.). 13. REPORT 13.1. The report shall include the following: 13.1.1. Cohesiometer value, 13.1.2. Test temperature, and 13.1.3. Bitumen content. 1E

43、xcept for the allowable tolerances of the calibration cylinder in Section 3.5, this method is the same as ASTM D1560-09. 2A more detailed description of the procedures for performing the tests is available on request from the California Division of Highways, Transportation Laboratory, 5900 Folsom Bl

44、vd., Sacramento, CA 95819. Also available is a procedure containing details regarding the operation and calibration of the stabilometer and the replacement of the stabilometer diaphragm. 3Detailed working drawings of the apparatus illustrated in Figure 9 are available at nominal cost from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Request Adjunct No. 12-415600-10. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.