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1、ACI MANUAL OFCONCRETEINSPECTIONReported by ACI Committee 311SP-2(07)Tenth EditionCopyright 2007, American Concrete InstituteFirst printing, March 2008Second printing, March 2009Third printing, December 2009Fourth printing, October 2010Fifth printing, December 2011Sixth printing, October 2012Seventh

2、printing, April 2013Eighth printing, May 2014Errata as of June 24, 2016ISBN: 978-0-87031-275-5ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis manual is based on information from many sources, organizations, and individualswhose contributions are gratefully acknowledged. Published references are listed at the end of thetext. Re

3、ferences to standard specifications and methods of testing are listed separately.The original manuscript was prepared by Joe W. Kelly, Chair of ACI Committee 311, andrevised over a period of years to achieve a first edition in 1941. The second edition, also in 1941,included a number of corrections a

4、nd minor revisions. The third edition, in 1955, incorporatedmany constructive suggestions from users. The fourth edition, in 1957, brought several sectionsup to date and contained editorial corrections.The fifth edition provided new information on settlement of concrete, shoring and forming,strength

5、 requirements, cold-weather concreting, and shotcrete. The sixth edition primarilyprovided updated information in all chapters, and included editorial and substantive changesthroughout.The seventh edition presented a complete revision of the manual by eliminating sections of theprevious edition cove

6、ring concrete methods no longer in use. Chapters 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15(partial), 16, 17, and 18 covered material that was included in the manual for the first time. Theeighth and ninth editions were revised to reflect changes in technology and construction practices.This tenth edition presents an ex

7、tensive revision and update to the text along with new photos,charts, and forms.The committee wishes to thank Anne Balogh for her extensive work in redrafting and unifyingthe previous text in preparation for this edition. Additionally, the committee wishes to express itsthanks to Portland Cement Ass

8、ociation (PCA) for generously providing many of the new photoscontained in the manual and to committee member Michelle L. Wilson who organized and coordi-nated the selection of photos and graphics throughout the document.Finally, the committee wishes to thank Chair George R. Wargo for his efforts in

9、 coordinatingthe work of all contributors.ACI 311.1R-07 supersedes ACI 311.1R-99 and was adopted December 2007 andpublished March 2008.Copyright 2007, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies b

10、y any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproductionor for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writingis obtained from the copyright proprietors.1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals

11、, StandardPractices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance inplanning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction.This document is intended for the use of individuals who arecompetent to evaluate the significance and limitations of itscontent and recommendations and who will acceptrespon

12、sibility for the application of the material it contains.The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and allresponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall notbe liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If item

13、s found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.ACI Manual of Concrete InspectionReported by ACI Committee 311ACI 311.1R-07 (ACI SP-2(07)PREFACEThis manual is

14、intended to guide, assist, and instruct concrete inspectorsand others engaged in concrete construction and testing, including fieldengineers, construction superintendents, supervisors, laboratory and fieldtechnicians, and workers. Designers may also find the manual to be a valuablereference by using

15、 the information to better adapt their designs to the realitiesof field construction. Because of the diverse possible uses of the manualand the varied backgrounds of the readers, it includes the reasoning behindthe technical instructions.The field of concrete construction has expanded dramatically o

16、ver theyears to reflect the many advances that have taken place in the concreteindustry. Although many of the fundamentals presented in previous editionsof this manual remain relevant and technically correct, this tenth editionincorporates new material to address these advances in technology. A list

17、of only a few of the recent developments in materials, equipment, andprocesses includes: Shrinkage-compensating cement;Increased use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs);Polymer-modified mixtures;Self-consolidating concretes;New and refined admixtures;Fiber-reinforced concrete;Epoxy resins

18、;High-capacity and automated concrete production equipment;High-performance and high-strength concrete; andEpoxy-coated and stainless steel-clad reinforcement.The need to cover new issues affecting inspection is the reason ACICommittee 311 continues to revise the ACI Manual of Concrete Inspection.In

19、 preparing this edition of the manual, as with previous editions, thecommittees task was to interpret the policies set forth by other authorizedbodies rather than to make policy on construction practices. The mainemphasis of the manual is on the technical aspects of inspection andconstruction. For f

20、urther information about construction practices, readersare encouraged to refer to the ACI Manual of Concrete Practice.Because the content of this manual is general and broad in nature, nopart of the manual should be included by reference in contract documents.Applicable inspection requirements for

21、each project should be determinedand included in the specifications.Chapter 1Inspection and the inspector, p. 61.1Inspection processes1.1.1Why inspection is needed1.1.2Purposes of inspection1.1.3Owner and contractor inspections1.2Inspector1.2.1Duties1.2.2Education and certification1.2.3Authority1.2.

22、4Relations with contractors, supervisors, and workers1.2.5Safety1.3Importance of clear specificationsChapter 2Statistical concepts for quality assurance, p. 102.1Quality-control and quality-acceptance inspections2.2Traditional quality assurance2.3Statistical concepts and procedures2.4Basic statistic

23、al concepts2.4.1Definitions2.4.2Normal distribution curves2.4.3Applying normal distribution curves to concretecompressive strength2.5Statistical tools2.5.1Frequency distributions2.5.2Control chartsGordon A. Anderson John V. Gruber Venkatesh S. Iyer Woodward L. VogtJoseph F. Artuso Jimmie D. Hannaman

24、, Jr. Claude E. Jaycox Bertold E. WeinbergMario R. Diaz Robert L. Henry Robert S. Jenkins Michelle L. WilsonDonald E. Dixon Charles J. Hookham Roger D. Tate Roger E. WilsonGeorge R. WargoChairMichael T. RussellSecretary2 ACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE INSPECTION (SP-2(07)Appendix 1Sampling by random numbers

25、, p. 17A1.1Example 1: Sampling by time sequenceA1.2Example 2: Sampling by material weightA1.3Example 3: Sampling by depth of concrete pavementAppendix 2Normal distribution curves, p. 20Appendix 3Computing standard deviation and required average concrete strength, p. 21A3.1Calculating standard deviat

26、ion sA3.2Calculating required average strength fcrAppendix 4Control charts on concrete materials, p. 22A4.1Example 1: Calculations to determine movingaverages for sand-equivalent testA4.2Example 2: Calculations to determine movingaverages for 1-1/2 x 3/4 in. concrete aggregate(maximum variation of p

27、ercentage of materialpassing 1 in. sieve)Chapter 3Inspection and testing of materials,p. 233.1Cement3.1.1Standard types3.1.2Blended cements and other hydraulic cements3.1.3Optional requirements3.1.4Sampling and testing procedures3.2Aggregates3.2.1Specifications3.2.2Sampling procedures3.3Water3.4Admi

28、xtures3.5Steel reinforcement3.6Curing compounds3.7Joint materialsAppendix 5Aggregate sampling and testing,p. 33A5.1Sieve or screen analysis of fine and coarse aggregate:ASTM C136A5.2Sampling aggregates: ASTM D75A5.3Materials finer than No. 200 (75 m) sieve: ASTMC117A5.4Clay lumps and friable particl

29、es in aggregates:ASTM C142A5.5Organic impurities in fine aggregate: ASTM C40A5.6Specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate:ASTM C127A5.7Specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate:ASTM C128A5.8Total moisture content of aggregate by drying:ASTM C566Chapter 4Handling and storage of mate

30、rials,p. 364.1Cement4.1.1Storage and hauling of bulk cement4.1.2Storage of bagged cement4.2Aggregates4.2.1Storage in stockpiles4.2.2Storage in bins4.2.3Finish screening4.2.4Transporting4.3Supplementary cementitious materials4.4AdmixturesChapter 5Fundamentals of concrete, p. 385.1Nature of concrete5.

31、1.1Components5.1.2Water-cementitious material ratio5.2Fresh concrete5.2.1Workability5.2.2Consolidation5.2.3Hydration, setting, and hardening5.2.4Heat of hydration5.3Hardened concrete5.3.1Curing5.3.2Strength5.3.3Durability5.3.4Chemical attack5.3.5Freezing-and-thawing effects5.3.6Alkali-aggregate reac

32、tivity5.3.7Volume changesChapter 6Proportioning and control of concrete mixtures, p. 436.1Factors to consider6.2Methods of specifying concrete proportions6.2.1Strength specifications6.2.2Prescriptive specifications6.3Proportioning for specified strength or w/cm6.3.1Cement types6.4Concrete with suppl

33、ementary cementitious materials6.4.1Mixture proportioning and control6.4.2Water-cementitious material ratio6.4.3Aggregate selection6.4.4Air entrainment6.4.5Quantity of paste6.4.6Proportion of fine-to-coarse aggregate6.5Proportioning for resistance to severe exposureconditions6.5.1Paste quality6.5.2R

34、equired air entrainment6.5.3Aggregate proportions6.5.4Proportioning by absolute volume6.5.5Computing absolute volume and percentage ofsolids6.5.6Example of proportioning by absolute volume6.6Control of concrete proportions6.6.1Laboratory batch quantities6.6.2Field batch quantities6.6.3Field control

35、of selected proportions6.7Computations for yield6.7.1Density methodChapter 7Batching and mixing, p. 537.1Batching operations7.1.1Measurement tolerancesACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE INSPECTION (SP-2(07) 37.1.2Weighing equipment7.1.3Batching equipment7.1.4Measuring water7.1.5Measuring admixtures7.2Mixing ope

36、rations7.2.1Central or site mixing7.2.2Ready mixed concrete7.2.3Volumetric batching and mixing7.3Plant inspection7.3.1Control of water content7.3.2Control of air content7.3.3Control of temperature7.4Placing inspection7.4.1Control of slump loss7.4.2Control of consistency7.4.3Measuring concrete quanti

37、tyChapter 8Inspection before concreting,p. 648.1Preliminary study8.2Stages of preparatory work8.3Excavations and foundations8.3.1Building slabs-on-ground8.3.2Building foundations8.3.3Underwater placements8.3.4Pile foundations8.4Forms for buildings8.4.1Form tightness and alignment8.4.2Shoring8.4.3Pre

38、venting bulging and settlement8.4.4Coating for release8.4.5Form reuse and maintenance8.5Reinforcement8.5.1Cutting and bending8.5.2Storage and handling8.6Installation8.6.1Cover depth8.6.2Splicing, welding, and anchoring8.6.3Congestion8.6.4Support8.7Embedded fixtures8.8Joints8.9Final inspection before

39、 placing8.10ChecklistChapter 9Concreting operations, p. 719.1Placing conditions9.2Handling of concrete9.2.1Conveying9.2.2Placing9.3Consolidation9.3.1Vibration9.4Finishing9.4.1Unformed surfaces9.4.2Formed surfaces9.5Construction joints9.5.1Planned9.5.2UnplannedChapter 10Form removal, reshoring, curin

40、g, and protection, p. 8110.1Removal of forms and supports10.1.1Time of removal10.1.2Multistory work10.2Protection from damage10.2.1Backfilling10.3Curing10.3.1Moist curing10.3.2Membrane curing10.3.3Impermeable sheets10.3.4Accelerated curing10.4Curing and protection during weather extremes10.4.1Cold w

41、eather10.4.2Hot weatherChapter 11Postconstruction inspection of concrete, p. 8611.1Acceptance inspection11.2Visual inspection (condition survey)11.3Other roles and responsibilities11.3.1Nondestructive evaluation (NDE)11.3.2Destructive testing11.3.3Summary11.4Observations leading to repair/rehabilita

42、tion11.4.1Minor defects11.4.2Structural defectsChapter 12Slabs for buildings, p. 9212.1Positioning of reinforcement12.2Mixture requirements12.3Slabs-on-ground12.3.1Subgrade and subbase12.3.2Placing and consolidation of concrete12.3.3Finishing12.3.4Hardened surfaces12.3.5Two-course construction and s

43、pecial toppings12.3.6Curing and protection12.4Structural slabs12.5Joint constructionChapter 13Pavement slabs and bridge decks,p. 9613.1Foundation (subgrade and subbase course)13.1.1Fine grading13.1.2Stabilized base13.2Forms13.2.1Keyway forms13.3Steel reinforcement13.3.1Storage13.3.2Installation meth

44、ods13.4Concrete13.4.1Materials13.4.2Mixture proportioning13.4.3Batching and mixing13.5Paving operations13.5.1Concrete placement13.5.2Vibration13.5.3Slipform paving4 ACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE INSPECTION (SP-2(07)13.5.4Fixed-form paving13.5.5Finishing13.5.6Texturing13.5.7Curing and protection13.6Final ac

45、ceptance13.7Joints13.7.1Transverse contraction joints13.7.2Transverse construction joints13.7.3Longitudinal contraction joints13.7.4Longitudinal construction joints13.7.5Expansion joints13.7.6Joint sealing13.8Bridge decks13.8.1Concrete placement13.8.2FinishingChapter 14Architectural concrete, p. 107

46、14.1Determining requirements for acceptability14.1.1Preconstruction samples14.2Importance of uniformity14.3Forms14.3.1Form sheathing or lining14.3.2Textures and patterns14.3.3Form joints14.3.4Form sealers and release agents14.3.5Form ties14.3.6Form removal14.4Reinforcement14.5Concrete materials and

47、mixture proportions14.5.1Cement14.5.2Aggregates14.5.3Admixtures14.6Batching, mixing, and transporting14.7Placing and consolidation14.8Surface treatments14.8.1Sandblasting14.8.2Bush hammering14.8.3Grinding14.8.4Manual treatment14.8.5Exposed-aggregate finishes14.9Curing and protection14.10Repairs14.11

48、Precast members14.11.1Storage and transportation14.11.2Erection14.12Final acceptance14.12.1Bug holes14.12.2Color variationsChapter 15Special concreting methods,p. 11315.1Slipforming vertical structures15.1.1Formwork15.1.2Reinforcing steel15.1.3Control of concrete placement15.1.4Finishing and curing15.1.5Mixture requirements15.2Slipforming cast-in-place pipe15.2.1Forms15.2.2Control of concrete placement15.3Tilt-up construction15.3.1Casting platform15.3.2Forms15.3.3Bond prevention15.3.4Concrete placement15.3.5Panel erection15.4Lift-slab construction15.4.1Forms15.4.2Bond prevention15.4.3Slab er