API PUBL 4645-1997 Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emission Estimates from U.S Petroleum Sources《美国石油来源甲烷和2氧化碳排放量估算》.pdf
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1、STDnAPIIPETRO PUBL 4b45-ENGL 1997 0732290 05b3390 b97 a31 American Petroleum Institute METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION ESTIMATES FROM U.S. PETROLEUM SOURCES Health and Environmental Sciences Department Publication Number 4645 January 1997 STD.API/PETRO PUBL LIb45-ENGL 1797 0732270 (35b3391 525 M
2、ethane and Carbon Dioxide Emission Estimates From US. Petroleum Sources Health and Environmental Sciences Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4645 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: MATHEW R. HARRISON, P.E. THERESA M. SHIRES RADIAN INTERNATIONAL LLC 8501 N. MOPAC BLVD. AUSTIN, TEXAS 7859 JANUARY 1997 America
3、n Petroleum Institute STD.API/PETRO PUBL. Lib45-ENGL L177 0732290 0Cb3392 Lib1 FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE D
4、UTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CON
5、STRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETERS PATENT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL-
6、 Copyright O 1997 American Petroleum Institute . 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Paae EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . ES-I RESULTS . e5-2 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS . e54 CONCLUSIONS e5-5 3 1 2 INTRODUCTION . 1-1 . 1-1 PETROLEUM INDUSTRY BOUNDARY DEFINITION COMPARISON OF METHODOLOGIES . 2.1 STANDARD APPROACH . 2.2 LITE
7、RATURE REVIEW . 2-2 KEY ELEMENT COMPARISONRANKING 2-3 Boundaries . 2-3 Detail Level 2-4 Data Quality . 2.15 Representativeness . 2-18 Comprehensiveness . 2-19 Practicality 2.25 CONCLUS IONS . 2.26 i 3 4 1990 EMISSION ESTIMATE 3-1 METHANE EMISSIONS 3-1 Production . 3-6 Crude Transportation . 3-7 Refi
8、ning . 3-8 ProductTranspo rt 3-8 Production . 3-9 Crude Transportation 3-10 Refining 3-10 Product Transportation . 3-11 CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS 3-9 METHODOLOGY FOR PROJECTIONS TO 2000 4.1 METHODOLOGY FOR METHANE ACTIVITY FACTOR PROJECTIONS . 4.1 Production . 4-1 Crude Transportation . 4-2 Refining
9、. 4-3 Product Transportation 4-3 Mass Balance . 4-3 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Section Paae METHODOLOGY FOR CO. ACTIVITY FACTOR PROJECTIONS 4.5 Production . 4-5 Crude Transportation . 4-5 Refining . 4-6 Product Transportation 4.6 METHODOLOGY FOR EMISSION FACTOR PROJECTIONS . 4.7 Oil and Gas (O Es
10、timation of year 1990 industry emissions using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology to the extent possible as well as data from other sources as necessary; Selection of a methodology for projecting emissions to the year 2000; and Estimation of emissions for the year 2000.
11、 Tasks 1 and 2 were based upon reviews of existing greenhouse gas inventory literature, and Tasks 3 and 4 were based upon review and use of available published data showing activity and emission projections. Emission estimates for a given time period are calculated by multiplying an emission factor
12、(e.g., units of mass emissions per volume throughput) by an activity rate (e.g., units of volume throughput per time period). API previously estimated global emissions of carbon dioxide and methane from petroleum sources in reports issued in 1991 -1 992. This report updates those estimates for the e
13、xploration and production, crude transportation, refining, and product transportation segments of the United States petroleum industry. The approach used ES-I I STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b45-ENGL 1797 0732290 05b3377 81b in this study represents the best available approach for the level of emissions and a
14、ctivity data that is publicly available. This approach is preferable to the United Nations IPCC methodology for calculating national estimates of greenhouse gas emissions for two reasons: 1) 2) It is specific to the petroleum industry; and It includes some source categories which are omitted in the
15、IPCC methodology. RESULTS Existing greenhouse gas emissions literature was reviewed, examining the following key parameters: boundaries, detail level, representativeness, comprehensiveness, data quality, and practicality. None of the existing studies reviewed were found to be ideal for estimating em
16、ission rates for the U.S. petroleum industry, but a best estimate approach was developed using the IPCC methodology as a basis with supplemental estimates from the other studies examined. Methods for estimating (year 1990) and projecting (year 2000) activity factors for the petroleum industry were d
17、eveloped based on the literature. Projected changes to emission factors resulting from implementation of proposed regulations as well as energy efficiency improvements were also identified. Table ES-1 presents the estimated and projected methane and CO, emissions from the U.S. petroleum industry. Th
18、e total year I990 emissions of CO2 from petroleum production through product transport are 284 million tons, which compares reasonably well with the estimate in the previous API report of 300 million tons. The differences can be attributed to updated activity factors for the production and transport
19、ation industry segments, and to accounting for actual refinery utilization in determining the year 1990 refinery activity factors. The CH, emissions of 0.848 million tons for 1990 may be contrasted with an estimate of 0.392 million tons in the previous API study. The difference in the methane estima
20、tes can be attributed to the inclusion of production tank emissions and the use of updated activity factors in this study. ES-2 STD-APIIPETRO PUBL LibLiS-ENGL 1447 m 0732240 05b3400 3b8 = Table ES-I. Estimated and Projected Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from the Total carbon dioxide emissions are pr
21、ojected to increase slightly from 284 million tons in 1990 to 288 million tons in the year 2000. Emissions of CO2 are projected to decrease in the crude transport segment, but increase slightly in the other industry segments. Projected annual emissions of methane show a reduction of 0.239 million to
22、ns over the period, This reduction occurs primarily in the exploration and production segment due to reductions in both the emission factors and the activity factor (amount of crude produced). The Global Warming Potentials (GWP) recommended by the IPCC and developed by other studies allow scientists
23、 to compare the ability of each greenhouse gas to trap heat in the atmosphere relative to other gases. The I00 year GWP for carbon dioxide is 1 and for methane it is 24.5. This means that each ton of methane has about 25 times more global warming impact than a ton of carbon dioxide. When adjusted fo
24、r GWP, Table ES-2 shows that greenhouse gas emissions (COz and CH,) from the U.S. petroleum industry will decrease by 0.6% from 1990 to 2000. Table ES-2. Estimated and Projected GWP-Adjusted Emissions of Greenhouse Gases STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b45-ENGL 1997 0732290 05b3401 2TLi W SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS M
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