Synthetic Biology in the Quest for Renewable Energy.ppt
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1、Synthetic Biology in the Quest for Renewable Energy,Jay KeaslingBerkeley Center for Synthetic Biology University of California & Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720,The need for renewable energy,US Energy demands to grow Reduction of US CO2 emissions Production of clean, cheap e
2、nergy,Biomass: a source for renewable energy,About half of the carbonaceous compounds in terrestrial biomass are cellulose. The net primary production of biomass is estimated to be 60 Gt/yr of carbon in terrestrial and 53 Gt/yr in marine ecosystems. Almost all of the biomass produced is mineralized
3、again by enzymes which are provided by microorganisms. Polysaccharide hydrolysis is one of the most important enzymatic processes on earth.,Lignocellulose,Nearly universal component of biomass Consists of three types of polymers: Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin All three are degraded by bacteria and
4、fungi,Cellulose,Cellulose is a chemically homogeneous linear polymer of up to 10,000 D-glucose molecules, which are connected by -1,4-bonds.,Taken from http:/www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/hycel.html,3-D Cellulose Structure,Hemicellulose,Hemicellulose is a polysaccharide composed of a variety of sugars includ
5、ing xylose, arabinose, mannose. Hemicellulose that is primarily xylose or arabinose are referred to as xyloglucans or arabinoglucans, respectively. Hemicellulose molecules are often branched. Hemicellulose molecules are very hydrophilic. They become highly hydrated and form gels.,Hemicellulose struc
6、ture,Cellulose to ethanol,Taken from Demain et al. 2005. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69:124-154.,Cellulose,Hemicellulose,Cellobiose,Xylose Xylobiose,C. thermocellum,C. thermosaccharolyticum,Ethanol,Lactate,Acetate,Cellulase,Hemicellulase,60C,Cellulosome structure,Cellulosome structure,Stable anchors
7、cellulosome to cell surface,Cellulosome structure,More active against crystalline than amorphous cellulose Form lengthened corridors between cell & substrate Cellulose degradation aided by noncellulosomal cellulases & cellulosomes released into environment,Problems,Products other than ethanol or hyd
8、rogen are produced from cellulose.Clostridia are difficult to engineer.Cellulosome is extremely complex making its transplantation to another microbe a significant hurdle.,Goal,Improve yield of energy-rich molecules from cellulose Engineer the cellulosome into a genetically tractable microorganism (
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