专业八级-428及答案解析.doc

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1、专业八级-428 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING & ERRO(总题数：5，分数：100.00)It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in such 1 short a period of time challenges explanation. Language learning begins with listening. Individual ch

2、ildren varying greatly in the amount of listening they do before they 2 start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will “obey“ spoken instructions some time before they can speak, but the word “obey“ is hardly accurate as a 3 description of the eager and delight cooper

3、ation usually shown 4 by the child. After they can speak, many children will ask 5 questions by gestures and by making questioning noises. Any attempt to trace the development from the voices 6 babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. What is agreed that they enjoy

4、 making noises, 7 and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby“s intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It

5、 is agreed, either, that from about 8 three months they play with sounds for enjoyment and by six 9 months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire. This self-imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds make or words spoken to them by other people. The problem 10 then arises as t

6、o the point at which one can say that their imitations can be considered as speech.（分数：20.00）Despite the fact that today viruses are known to cause cancer in animals and in certain plants, where exists a great reluctance 11 to accept viruses as been of importance in human cancer. Basic 12 biological

7、 phenomena generally does not differ strikingly as 13 one goes from one species to other. It should be recognized that 14 cancer is a biological problem and not a problem that is unique for man. Cancer originates when a normal cell suddenly becomes a cancer cell which multiplies widely and with appa

8、rent restraint. 15 Cancer cells originate in many different kinds of cell, but the cancer cell usually continues to carry certain traits of the cell of origin. The transformation of a normal cell to a cancer cell may 16 have more than one kind of cause, but there“s good reason to consider the relati

9、onships exist between viruses and cancer. Since there“s no evidence which human cancer, as generally 17 experienced, is infectious, many person believe that because 18 viruses are infectious agents, they can possibly be of important in 19 human cancer. Furthermore, viruses and examples are known in

10、which a virus never kills its host can mutate to form a new strain 20 of virus that always kills its host. It does not seem unreasonably to assume that an innocuous latent virus might mutate to form a strain that causes cancer.（分数：20.00）There is one part of women“s magazines that every man reads. It

11、 is the section popularly known as the “agony columns“, where women, and increasing men, write for advice on their emotional 21 problems. The person who answers these letters usually have a 22 very reassuring name which suggests a gentle middle-aged lady with a lot of wisdom and experiences. At one

12、time, it used to be 23 widely believed that the letters were in fact all made by someone 24 on the editorial staff, and that the “Aunt Mary“ who provided the answers was a fat man with a beard, who drank like a fish, smoked like a chimney, and was faithful to his wife into the 25 bargain. Although t

13、his may be true in some cases, the minority 26 of advice columns are genuine, and the advisory staff is highly-qualified 27 people with a deep understanding of human problems. At one time, only the answers were published, not the letters themselves. Many of the fun in reading them lay in trying to 2

14、8 work out what on earth the problem was that led to such peculiar answers. Nowadays everything is much more implicit, and 29 questions of the most intimate kind are fully dealt with. As the agony columns have become more professional and more frank a lot of the fun has gone out of them. This is und

15、oubted a good 30 thing, because there is something very bad about our tendency to laugh at the misfortunes of our fellow men.（分数：20.00）By drawing on the World Bank“s projections of socioeconomic development over the next quarter century, researchers at the World Health Organization set out to foreca

16、st global trends in death and disease. Among the grim catalog of predictions are that 31 the current top two killersheart disease and strokewill hold on to their rankings. By 2030, however, HIV/AIDS will move up from its current ranking in fourth place to become the third-leading cause of death arou

17、nd the globe. One of the obvious consequences of increased development will be more deaths and injuries from traffic accidents, but 32 tobacco-related deaths are also expected to surge, accounted for 33 10 percent of all fatalities by 2015. In the fact, WHO estimates 34 that 50 percent more people w

18、ill die with illnesses due to tobacco 35 use than from AIDS that year, although tobacco itself is not listed as a cause of death. Deaths from tobacco-related conditions will be split fairly evenly among cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory illnesses. The report, that is the most compreh

19、ensive of its kind, 36 does contain some bright spots. For example, it predicts that maternal deaths associated with pregnancy and childbirth will become more common, as will infant mortality and deaths 37 from nutritional causes. Because increased prosperity and 38 better medical care, the risk of

20、death for children younger than 5 is projecting to decrease by more than 40 percent by 2030. 39 The death rate from tuberculosis, malaria, and other non-HIV infectious disease will also decline. And people all over the 40 world will be living longer lives, with the largest gains occurring in Africa

21、and South Asia.（分数：20.00）A good modern newspaper is an extraordinary piece of reading. It is remarkable first for what it contains: the range of news from local crime to international politics, from sport to business, from fashion to science, and the range of comment and special features as well. A

22、newspaper is even though more 41 remarkable for the way one reads it: never complete, never 42 straight through, but always by jumping from here to there, in and out glancing at one piece, reading other article all the 43 way through, reading just a few paragraphs of the next. A good modern newspape

23、r offers a variety to attract many different readers, but far more than any one reader is interested in. That 44 brings this variety together in one place is its topicality, whose 45 immediate relation to what is happening in your world and your locality now. But immediacy and the speed of productio

24、n that go with it mean also that much of what appears in a newspaper 46 has no more than transient value. For all these reasons, not two 47 people really read the same paper: what each person does is to put together out of pages of that day“s paper, his own selection 48 and sequence, his own newspap

25、er. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which mean getting what you want from 49 them without missing things you need but with wasting time, 50 demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.（分数：20.00）专业八级-428 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFRE

26、ADDING & ERRO(总题数：5，分数：100.00)It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in such 1 short a period of time challenges explanation. Language learning begins with listening. Individual children varying greatly in the amount of liste

27、ning they do before they 2 start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will “obey“ spoken instructions some time before they can speak, but the word “obey“ is hardly accurate as a 3 description of the eager and delight cooperation usually shown 4 by the child. After the

28、y can speak, many children will ask 5 questions by gestures and by making questioning noises. Any attempt to trace the development from the voices 6 babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. What is agreed that they enjoy making noises, 7 and that during the first f

29、ew months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby“s intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, either, that from about 8 three m

30、onths they play with sounds for enjoyment and by six 9 months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire. This self-imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds make or words spoken to them by other people. The problem 10 then arises as to the point at which one can say that their i

31、mitations can be considered as speech.（分数：20.00）解析：suchso解析 本题考查 so 和 such 的区别。so 可以作副词，后面可直接接形容词，如 so nice a day。such 为形容词，修饰名词，如 such a nice day，故应将 such 改为 so。解析：varyingvary解析 这句话缺少谓语。该句的主语为 Individual children，varying 是现在分词形式，不能作谓语，故应把 varying 改为 vary。解析：butthough解析 本题考查句子之间的逻辑关系。连词 but 之前的句意为：大

32、多数孩子在他们学会说话之前会遵从口头指令，之后句子是说这种“遵从”几乎是不准确的。由此可见，两者之间是一种让步关系，而非转折，故将 but 改为 though。解析：delightdelighted解析 分析句子结构可知，eager 为形容词，delight 为名词，二者同时修饰cooperation，由连词 and 可知两者应词性相同，故应将 delight 改为形容词性的 delighted。解析：AfterBefore解析 本题考查逻辑关系。该句提到儿童通过手势和发出表示疑问的声音来问问题，这应该是在学会说话以前所采取的方式，因此 after 逻辑错误，应改为 Before。解析：voi

33、cesnoises/sounds解析 本题考查近义词的辨析。voice 指人的“嗓音”、“发声能力”，用在此处与文意相悖。应将其改为 noises(噪音)或 sounds(声音)。解析：WhatIt解析 本题考查句子结构。连词 and 前后各有一个引导词 that，并且由它引导的两部分都是被大家认同的，因此 is agreed 前面应为形式主语，故将What 改为 It。解析：eithertoo解析 It is agreed.为肯定句，而 either 表示“也”时只能用在否定句中，故应将 either 改为 too。解析：andbythat解析 本题考查句子结构。分析句子可知，It 为形式主

34、语，真正的主语是由 that引导的从句，and 连接两个并列的主语从句，前面一句为 that 引导的从句，结构完整，而后面部分缺少引导词，故应在此处加上 that。解析：makemade解析 观察句子可知，连词 or 连接的应该是两个并列结构。通过 words spoken 可知，make 与 sounds 在逻辑上是动宾关系，所以要把 make 改为过去分词 made 作定语。Despite the fact that today viruses are known to cause cancer in animals and in certain plants, where exists

35、a great reluctance 11 to accept viruses as been of importance in human cancer. Basic 12 biological phenomena generally does not differ strikingly as 13 one goes from one species to other. It should be recognized that 14 cancer is a biological problem and not a problem that is unique for man. Cancer

36、originates when a normal cell suddenly becomes a cancer cell which multiplies widely and with apparent restraint. 15 Cancer cells originate in many different kinds of cell, but the cancer cell usually continues to carry certain traits of the cell of origin. The transformation of a normal cell to a c

37、ancer cell may 16 have more than one kind of cause, but there“s good reason to consider the relationships exist between viruses and cancer. Since there“s no evidence which human cancer, as generally 17 experienced, is infectious, many person believe that because 18 viruses are infectious agents, the

38、y can possibly be of important in 19 human cancer. Furthermore, viruses and examples are known in which a virus never kills its host can mutate to form a new strain 20 of virus that always kills its host. It does not seem unreasonably to assume that an innocuous latent virus might mutate to form a s

39、train that causes cancer.（分数：20.00）解析：wherethere解析 通过分析可知，despite 引导让步状语从句，逗号后的 where 引导地点状语从句，因此句子缺少主语。where 一般用来引导地点定语从句或状语从句，该句中缺少主语，故将 where改为 there，there exits 是 there be 句型的变体。解析：beenbeing解析 accept.as 意为“接受作为”，其中 as 为介词。as 作介词时其后要接名词或动名词形式，故应将 been 改为 be 的动名词形式 being。解析：doesdo解析 通过分析句子结构可知，本句的

40、主语 basic biological phenomena(基本的生物学现象)为复数形式，根据主谓一致的原则，其谓语应为复数，故应将 does 改为 do。解析：otheranother解析 根据上下文可知，本句意为“从一个物种到另一个物种”，且文中并没有指出是某一特定的物种，后面如果用 other，则表明是指定的两种物种，与文意相悖，且在 from one.to another 属于常见搭配，故将 other 改为 another。解析：withwithout解析 根据上下文可知，这里所要表达的意思是：癌细胞大面积繁殖(multiplies widely)，即没有约束地生长，而 with a

41、pparent restraint 与之矛盾，故将 with 改为 without。解析：tointo解析 本题考查介词搭配。transformation 通常与 into 搭配，意为“将转变成”，故将 to 改为 into。解析：whichthat解析 经分析可知，本句中，which 后面的句子成分完整，是对 evidence 进行解释说明，所以属于 that 引导的同位语从句，故将 which 改为 that。解析：personpeople解析 观察该句可知，many，person 和 believe 三者的主谓不一致。many 通常修饰可数名词复数，因此要将 person 改为 peop

42、le。解析：importantimportance解析 由介词 of 后接名词、代词或动名词的用法可知，形容词important 用法错误。Be of importance 等于 be important，故将 important 改为 importance。解析：viruseverthat解析 理顺句子间的逻辑关系为本题的解题关键。经分析可知，in which 引导定语从句，而从句中出现了两个谓语动词 kills 和 can mutate，且二者之间没有并列或转折连词连接。下一行中的 that 引导的定语从句修饰 virus，与后面的 a new strain of virus that.相

43、照应，而 in which 所引导的定语从句的主干是 a virus.can mutate，故应在本行的 virus 和 never 之间加引导词that 引导定语从句以修饰 virus。There is one part of women“s magazines that every man reads. It is the section popularly known as the “agony columns“, where women, and increasing men, write for advice on their emotional 21 problems. The p

44、erson who answers these letters usually have a 22 very reassuring name which suggests a gentle middle-aged lady with a lot of wisdom and experiences. At one time, it used to be 23 widely believed that the letters were in fact all made by someone 24 on the editorial staff, and that the “Aunt Mary“ wh

45、o provided the answers was a fat man with a beard, who drank like a fish, smoked like a chimney, and was faithful to his wife into the 25 bargain. Although this may be true in some cases, the minority 26 of advice columns are genuine, and the advisory staff is highly-qualified 27 people with a deep

46、understanding of human problems. At one time, only the answers were published, not the letters themselves. Many of the fun in reading them lay in trying to 28 work out what on earth the problem was that led to such peculiar answers. Nowadays everything is much more implicit, and 29 questions of the

47、most intimate kind are fully dealt with. As the agony columns have become more professional and more frank a lot of the fun has gone out of them. This is undoubted a good 30 thing, because there is something very bad about our tendency to laugh at the misfortunes of our fellow men.（分数：20.00）解析：incre

48、asingincreasingly解析 此处表达的是“写信这种趋势渐增”，而不是用于修饰 men，故将 increasing 改为副词 increasingly，用来修饰 write。解析：havehas解析 分析该句结构可知，The person，answers 和 have 三词在主谓搭配上不一致。本句的主语是 The person，和后面 who 引导的定语从句中 answers 单复数使用一致，故只需将 have 改为第三人称单数形式 has。解析：experiencesexperience解析 根据上下文可知，此处表达的是“让人联想到一位兼具智慧与经验的中年女士”。experienc

49、es 作为可数名词时意为“经历”，与文意不符，故将其改为不可数名词experience，意为“经验”。解析：madebyup解析 make 可用作及物动词，其意为“制造，安排”，本句中它的宾语为letters，根据常理可知，信不可能被制造或安排，故 make 在此处用法错误。应将其改为 make up(编造)，其后可接 letters。句中用的是被动语态，故在 made 后加上 up。解析：faithfulunfaithful解析 该句提到 who drank like a fish, smoked like a chimney，由此可知这是一个品质不好的男人，因此对于他对妻子的忠诚上也持否定态度，故将 faithful 改为unfaithful。解析：minoritymajority解析 本句中使用转折连词 although，上文提到有些工作人员的人品不好，故可推断下文的意思应该说的是好的一面，即大多数人的意见还是很诚恳的，而非少数，故将 minority改为 majority。解析：isare解析 观察该句可知，本行的 staff is 和下行中的 people 主谓不一致。staff 作集