职称英语卫生类A级分类模拟4及答案解析.doc

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1、职称英语卫生类 A 级分类模拟 4 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、阅读理解(总题数：10，分数：100.00)Pressure and PregnancyA boy or a girl? That is usually the first question asked when a woman gives birth. Remarkably, the answer varies with where the mother lives. In rich countries the chances of its being a boy are about 5% high

2、er than in poor ones. Equally remarkably, that figure has been falling recently. Several theories have been put forward to explain these observations. Some argue that smoking plays a role, others say that diet may be important. Neither of these ideas has been supported by evidence from large studies

3、. But new research points to a different factor: stress. Strange as it might seem, the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 shed light on the enigma. Studies noting the sex of babies conceived in New York during the week of the attacks found a drop in the ratio of males to females. That is consi

4、stent with earlier studies, which revealed a similar shift in women who became pregnant during floods and earthquakes and in time of war. Moreover, a study carried out eight years ago by researchers at the University of Aarhus, in Denmark, revealed that women who suffered the death of a child or spo

5、use from some catastrophic illness around the time they conceived were much more likely to give birth to girls than to boys. Taken together, these results suggest that acute stress to a woman at the time of conception shifts the sex ratio towards girls. However, Carsten Obel, a researcher at Aarhus

6、who was not involved in the earlier study, wondered if the same might be true of chronic stress too. In a paper just published in Human Development , he shows that it is. Dr. Obel used a set of data collected between 1989 and 1992. During that period 8,719 expectant mothers were asked to fill in que

7、stionnaires that inquired, among other things, about their level of stress. Dr. Obel found that the more stressed a mother had been, the less chance she had of having given birth to a boy. Only 47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males. That compared with 52% for women i

8、n the bottom quartile. Dr. Obel suspects the immediate cause is that male pregnancies are more likely to miscarry in response to stress than female pregnancies are, especially during the first three months. However, that is difficult to prove. More intriguing, though, is the ultimate cause, for he t

9、hinks it might be adaptive, rather than pathological. That is because the chances are that a daughter who reaches adulthood will find a mate and thus produce grandchildren. A son is a different matter. Healthy, strapping sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren, by several womenor would have

10、 done in the hunter-gatherer societies in which most human evolution took place. Weak ones would be marginalized and maybe even killed in the cut and thrust of male competition. If a mother“s stress adversely affects the development of her fetus then selectively aborting boys, rather than wasting ti

11、me and resources on bringing them to term, would make evolutionary sense. That, in turn, would explain why women in rich countries, who are less likely to suffer from hunger and disease, are more likely to give birth to sons. That this likelihood is, nevertheless, failing suggests that rich women“s

12、lives may be more stressful than they used to be.（分数：10.00）(1).The author begins the passage by _.（分数：2.00）A.presenting an argumentationB.explaining a phenomenonC.raising a questionD.making a comparison(2).The ratio of giving birth to a boy is falling in rich countries because _.（分数：2.00）A.the terro

13、rist attacks of September 11th 2001 exerted huge negative impactB.women are facing greater pressure than pastC.women are under new pressure now which they seldom faced in the pastD.male pregnancies are more easily to miscarry(3).Which of the following can explain Dr. Obel“s opinion that the ultimate

14、 cause is adaptive rather than pathological?（分数：2.00）A.47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males while 52% in the bottom quartile.B.Women in rich countries are more likely to give birth to boys.C.Women selectively abort boys rather than waste time and resources on bringi

15、ng them to term for fear of male competition.D.Women who suffer from calamity in conception are more likely to give birth to girls.(4).Women in the hunter-gatherer societies are more likely to give birth to daughters because _.（分数：2.00）A.they agree that giving birth to daughters is beneficial in the

16、 evolutionary senseB.sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren with several womenC.they think it is a better practice for a daughter to produce grandchildren with only one mateD.they think bringing sons to term is wasting time and resources(5).From this passage, we may draw a conclusion that

17、_.（分数：2.00）A.acute stress is more likely to cause women to choose aborting boys than chronic stressB.Stress to a woman at the time of conception, whether acute or chronic, will shift the sex ratio towards girlsC.more girls will be born in the future because today“s women, in both rich and poor count

18、ries, suffer from increasing pressureD.chronic stress is more decisive in influencing the women“s pregnanciesAbortionsWhen Catholic clergy or “pro-life“ politicians argue that abortion laws should be tightened, they do so in the belief that this will reduce the number of terminations. Yet the larges

19、t global study of abortion ever undertaken casts doubt on that simple proposition. Restricting abortions, the study says, has little effect on the number of pregnancies terminated. Rather, it drives women to seek illegal, often unsafe backstreet abortions leading to an estimated 67,000 deaths a year

20、. A further 5m women require hospital treatment as a result of botched procedures. In Africa and Asia, where abortion is generally either illegal or restricted, the abortion rate in 2003 (the latest year for which figures are available) was 29 per 1,000 women aged 1544. This is almost identical to t

21、he rate in Europ28where legal abortions are widely available. Latin America, which has some of the world“s most restrictive abortion laws, is the region with the highest abortion rate (31), while western Europe, which has some of the most liberal laws, has the lowest (12). The study, carried out by

22、the Guttmacher Institute in New York in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO) and published in a British medical journal, the Lancet , found that most abortions occur in developing countries35m a year, compared with just 7m in rich countries. But this was largely a reflection of pop

23、ulation size. A woman“s likelihood of having an abortion is similar whether she lives in a rich country (26 per 1,000) or a poor or middle-income one (29). Lest it be thought that these sweeping continental numbers hide as much as they reveal, the same point can be made by looking at those countries

24、 which have changed their laws. Between 1995 and 2005, 17 nations liberalized abortion legislation, while three tightened restrictions. The number of induced abortions nevertheless declined from nearly 46m in 1995 to 42m in 2003, resulting in a fall in the worldwide abortion rate from 35 to 29. The

25、most dramatic dropfrom 90 to 44was in former communist Eastern Europe, where abortion is generally legal, safe and cheap. This coincided with a big increase in contraceptive use in the region which still has the world“s highest abortion rate, with more terminations than live births. The risk of dyin

26、g in a botched abortion is only part of a broader problem of maternal health in poor countries. Of all the inequalities of development, this is arguably the worst. According to a report published this week by Population Action International, a Washington-based lobby group, women in poor countries ar

27、e 250 times more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than women in rich ones. Of the 535,000 women who died in childbirth or from pregnancy-related complications in 2005, 99% were in developing countries, according to another report by a group of UN agencies, including WHO, also out this week.

28、Africa accounted for more than half of such deaths. As the UN report noted, countries with the highest levels of maternal mortality have made the least progress towards reducing it. A woman in Africa has a one in 16 chance of dying in pregnancy or childbirth, compared with one in 3,800 for a woman i

29、n the rich world.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “botched“ (Line 7, Paragraph 1) most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.awkwardB.wrongC.backwardD.bungled(2).The fact that the abortion rate in Africa and Asia in 2003 is almost identical to that in Europe implies that _.（分数：2.00）A.the abortion rate has nothing to do

30、 with a country“s national wealthB.the abortion rate has nothing to do with a country“s restricting measures on abortionC.the abortion rate cannot be lowered through the legal measuresD.the abortion rate cannot be lowered by the implementation of tightened abortion laws(3).The conclusion of the stud

31、y can be proved by the following proofs offered in the passage except that _.（分数：2.00）A.the abortion rate in countries with strict abortion laws is higher than that of the counties with liberal lawsB.there are much more abortions occuring in developing countries than in developed countriesC.there wa

32、s a dramatic drop in former communist Easter Europe between 1995 and 2005D.there was a big increase in contraceptive use in the region which still has the world“s highest abortion rate between 1995 and 2005(4).Women in poor countries are much more likely dying in childbirth or pregnancy than women i

33、n rich countries because of _.（分数：2.00）A.botched procedures of abortion in poor countriesB.inequalities of development between rich and poor countriesC.ignorance of and little emphasis on the maternal health in poor countriesD.strict abortion laws in poor countries(5).The passage is mainly about _.（

34、分数：2.00）A.a study on the abortion rate between developed and developing countriesB.a study on the abortion laws in different countriesC.a study on the general maternal health condition in different countriesD.a study on the influence of the abortion laws on the abortion rateYoung Female Chimps Outle

35、arn Their BrothersYoung female chimps are faster and better learners than young male chimps, which suggests a new study, echoing learning differences seen in human girls and boys. While young male chimps pass their time playing, young female chimps carefully study their mothers. As a result, they le

36、arn how to fish for tasty termite snacks over two years before the boys. Elizabeth Lonsdorf, now at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, US, and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, spent four years watching how young chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park in Tanzania learned “cultural beh

37、avior“. The sex differences in learning behavior were “consistent and strikingly apparent“, says the team. The researchers point out that similar differences are seen in human children with regard to skills such as writing. “A sex-based learning differences may therefore date back at least to the la

38、st common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans,“ they write in the journal Nature . Chimps make flexible tools from vegetation and then insert them into termite mounds, extract them and then munch the termites clinging onto the tool. The researchers used video cameras to record this feeding behavior a

39、nd found that each chimp mother had her own technique, such as how she used tools of different lengths. Analysis of the six infants whose ages were known showed that girl chimps were an average of 31 months old when they succeeded in fishing out their termites, where the boy chimps were aged 58 mont

40、hs on average. Females were also more skillful at getting out more termites with every dip and used techniques similar to their mothers while males did not. Instead of studying their mothers，the boy chimps spent a significantly greater amount of time frolicking around the termite mound. Behaviors su

41、ch as playing or swinging might help the male infants later in life when typically male activities like hunting or fighting for dominance become important, suggest the researchers. Lonsdorf adds that there are just two main sources of animal protein for chimpsthe termites or colobus monkeys. “Mature

42、 males often hunt monkeys up trees, but females are almost always either pregnant or burdened with a clinging infants. This makes hunting difficult,“ she says. “Adult females spend more time fishing for termites than males.“ So becoming proficient at termite fishing could mean adult females eat bett

43、er. “They can watch their offspring at the same time. The young of both sexes seem to pursue activities related to their adult sex roles at a very young age.“（分数：10.00）(1).Why do young female chimps learn faster than young male chimps at fishing for termites?（分数：2.00）A.Because young female chimps do

44、n“t play with their brothers.B.Because young female chimps begin to study their mothers earlier.C.Because young male chimps never learn to fish for termites.D.Because young male chimps are not interested in termites.(2).What are the tools with which chimps fish for termites?（分数：2.00）A.Tree branches.

45、B.Vegetables.C.Fruits.D.Grass.(3).Which of the following is true about chimps fishing for termites according to paragraph 6?（分数：2.00）A.Males often compete with females in fishing for termites.B.Males could get out more termites with every dip.C.Females could get out more termites with every dip.D.Ma

46、les are good at mastering technique for fishing for termites.(4).How did the researchers explain the fact that boy chimps spent more time playing?（分数：2.00）A.They like hunting.B.They enjoy fighting.C.It helps them to stay fit.D.It will make them good fighters and hunters in the future.(5).According t

47、o the last paragraph, which of the following is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.Adult chimps hunt monkeys while young chimps fish for termites.B.The main source of animal protein for male chimps is colobus monkeys.C.The main source of animal protein for female chimps is termites.D.Female chimps fish for termite

48、s while watching their children.Polycarbonate Products IssuesA line of water bottles that had become a symbol of environmental responsibility has been removed from the shelves of Canada“s leading outdoor gear retailer over concerns about a chemical used in its manufacture. The Mountain Equipment Co-

49、op, which is based in Vancouver, British Columbia, removed the bottles, sold under the brand name Nalgene, and other polycarbonate containers from its 11 large-scale stores on Wednesday. The retailer said that it would not restock the bottles, which are made by Nalge Nunc International in Rochester, a unit of Thermo Fisher Scientific, until Health Canada completed a review of bisphenol-a, or B.P.A., a chemical used to make hard, transparent plastics as well as liners for food cans. “We“ve been following the B.P.A. issue for at least three ye