职称英语卫生类A级分类模拟2及答案解析.doc

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1、职称英语卫生类 A级分类模拟 2及答案解析(总分：100.03，做题时间：90 分钟)一、阅读判断(总题数：7，分数：100.00)Black HolesMost scientists agree that black holes exist but are nearly impossible to locate. A black hole in the universe is not a solid object, like a planet, but it is shaped like a sphere (球体). Astronomers (天文学家) think that at the

2、center of a black hole there is a single point in space with infinite (无限的) density (密度). This single point is called a singularity (奇点). If the singularity theory is correct, it means that when a massive star collapses, all the material in it disappears into the singularity. The center of a black h

3、ole would not really be a hole at all, but an infinitely dense point. Anything that crosses the black hole is pulled in by its great gravity. Although black holes do exist, they are difficult to observe. These are the reasons. No light or anything else comes out of black holes. As a result, they are

4、 invisible to a telescope. In astronomical terms, black holes are truly. For example, a black hole formed by the collapse of a giant star would have an event horizon (视界) only 18 miles across. The nearest black holes would be dozens of light years away from Earth. One light year is about 6 trillion

5、(万亿) miles. Even the most powerful telescopes could not pick out an object so small at such a great distance. In 1994 the Hubble Space Telescope provided evidence that black holes exist. There are still answers to be found, however, so black holes remain one of the mysteries of the universe.（分数：14.0

6、0）(1).Black holes are part of space.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Black holes exist but are difficult to observe.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).The center of a black hole is empty.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).The attraction of two large stars leads to gravity.（分数：

7、2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).The sun is the heaviest star in the universe.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).The nearest black holes are hundreds of light years away from us.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).The Hubble Space Telescope helps scientists to understand the nature

8、 of the universe.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentionedGoing Back to Its BirthplaceNo sporting event takes hold of the world“s attention and imagination like the Olympic Games. The football World Cup fascinates fans in Europe and South America: the baseball“s World Series is required viewing in Nort

9、h America: the World Table Tennis Championships attracts the most interest in Asia. But the Olympics belong to the whole world. Now, after travelling to 17 countries over 108 years, the Summer Games are returning to Athens, the place where the first modern Olympics was held. Participation in the Gam

10、es is looked on not only as an achievement, but also as an honor. The 16 days between August 13 and 29 will see a record202 countries compete, up from Sydney“s 199. Afghanistan is back, having been banned from Sydney because the Taliban government didn“t let women do sports. There is also a place fo

11、r newcomers East Timer and Kiribati. A total of 10,500 athletes will compete in 28 sports, watched by 53 million ticket-paying viewers as well as a television audience of 4 billion. Athens is to use its rich history and culture to make the Olympics as special as possible. The Games will open with cy

12、cling events which start in front of the Parthenon and Acropolis monuments. The final event will be a historic men“s marathon following the original route run by Phidippides in 490 B.C. to bring news of victory over the Persians. The ancient stadium at Olympia, first used for the Games nearly three

13、centuries ago, will stage the shot put competitions. And the Panathenian Stadium, where the first modern Olympics was held, is to host the archery (射箭) events. If the well-known ancient sites deliver a great sense of history to the Games, the 39 new venues add a modern touch to the city of Athens. T

14、he main Olympic stadium, with a giant glass and steel roof, is the landmark (标志) building of the Olympics. “We believe that we will organize a “magical“ Games,“ said Athens 2004 President Gianna Angelopoulos Daskalaki. “Our history with the Olympic Games goes back nearly 3,000 years, and Athens 2004

15、 could be the best ever.“（分数：14.00）(1).The World Table Tennis Championships attracts the most interest in Asian countries.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Participation in the Olympic Games is looked upon as an honor as well as an achievement.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Many s

16、tate leaders will attend the opening ceremony.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).The Games will open with cycling events because these events will take hold of the world“s attention.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).The first modern Olympics was held nearly three centuries ago.（分数：2.0

17、0）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).The Panathenian Stadium is the landmark building of Olympics.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Athens 2004 has been proven to be the best Olympic Games.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentionedCalifornia Gives Green Light to Space Solar Power Energy beamed dow

18、n from space is one step closer to reality, now that California has given the green light to an agreement that would see the Pacific Gas and Electric Company buy 200 megawatt (兆瓦) of power beamed down from solar-power satellites beginning in 2016. But some major challenges will have to be overcome i

19、f the technology is to be used widely. A start-up company called Solaren is designing the satellites, which it says will use radio waves to beam energy down to a receiving station on Earth. The attraction of collecting solar power in space is the almost uninterrupted sunshine available in geosynchro

20、nous (与地球同步的) orbit. Earth-based solar cells, by contrast, can only collect sun light during daytime and when skies are clear. But space-based solar power must grapple (努力克服) with the high cost per kilogram of launching things into space, says Richard Schwartz of Purdue University in West Lafayette,

21、 Indiana. “If you“re talking about it being economically viable or power of the Earth, it“s a tough go,“ he says. Cal Boer man, Solaren“s director of energy services, says the company designed its satellites with a view to keeping launch costs down. “We knew we had to come up with a different, revol

22、utionary design,“ he says. A patent the company has won describes ways to reduce the system“s weight, including using inflatable mirrors to focus sunlight on solar cells, so a smaller number can collect the same amount of energy. But using mirrors introduces other challenges, including keeping the s

23、olar cells from overheating, says Schwartz. “You have to take care of heat dissipation (散发) because you“re now concentrating a lot of energy in one place,“ he says. According to the company“s patent, Solaren“s solar cells will be connected to radiators to help keep them cool. Though Boer man says th

24、e company believes it can make space-based solar power work, it is not expecting to crowd out other forms of renewable energy. Laws in California and other states require increasing use of renewable energy in coming years, he points out. “To meet those needs, we“re going to need all types of renewab

25、le energy sources,“ he says.（分数：14.00）(1).Solar-power satellites will use radio waves to beam energy down from space.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Solaren is going to design 200 solar-power satellites.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Space-based solar cells could collect solar p

26、ower only when skies are clear.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).One advantage of space-based solar power system is that it is economical.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).Inflatable mirrors are used to reduce the space-based solar power system“s weight.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not m

27、entioned(6).Space-based solar power will rule out other forms of renewable energy sources.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Many countries will grant permission for the use of spaced-based solar power soon.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentionedA Dolphin and an AstronomerOne day in 1963, a do

28、lphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan，were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other. Sagan was standing on the edge of one of the tanks where several of these friendly, highly intelligent creat

29、ures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside him and had turned on his back. The dolphin wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so. the dolphin leapt up through the water and made a sound just

30、 like the word “more“. The astonished astronomer went to the director of the institute and told him about the incident. “Oh, yes. That“s one of the words he knows,“ the director said, showing no surprise at all. Dolphins have bigger brain in proportion to their body size than humans have, and it has

31、 been known for a long time that they can make a number of sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster and much further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are m

32、uch better developed in dolphin than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a “language“, in the real sense of the word? Scientists don“t agree on this. A language is not just a collection of sounds, or even words. A language has a structure and what we call a grammar. The structure and gr

33、ammar of a language help to give it meaning. For example, the two questions “Who loves Mary?“ and “Who does Mary love?“ mean very different things. If you stop to think about it, you will see that this difference doesn“t come from the words in the question but from the difference in structure. That

34、is why the question “Can dolphins speak?“ can“t be answered until we find out if dolphins not only make sounds but also arrange them in a grammatical order which affects their meaning.（分数：14.00）(1).The astronomer was not interested in the way dolphins communicate with each other.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.Wr

35、ongC.Not mentioned(2).The dolphin leapt up into the air because Sagan was too near the water.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Parts of the dolphin“s brain are particularly well developed to handle different kinds of sound.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).Dolphins are the most usefu

36、l animals to humans.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).Dolphins travel faster in water than any other animals.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).Some scientists believe that dolphins have a language of their own.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Sounds can be called a language

37、only when they have a structure and a grammar.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentionedFood and CancerMedical experts have suspected for many years that there is a strong link between what a person eats and cancer. They say a new study provides the first evidence that vitamins could reduce a person“s c

38、hance of developing cancer. A team of Chinese and American scientists did the study. They are from American National Cancer Institute and the Cancer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Beijing. The Journal of the National Cancer Institute published the results of the study. About

39、 thirty thousand people between the ages of 40 to 69 took part in the study. They were from the northern central Chinese area of Linxian. Most of them took vitamins and minerals every day for five years. Linxian was chosen because the people there have an extremely high rate of cancer of stomach and

40、 esophagus. Researchers believe that fungus and molds in local foods may be partly responsible for the high cancer rate. Researchers divided those into eight groups. Seven of the groups received different mixtures of vitamins and minerals daily. The amounts of the vitamins and minerals were 1 to 2 t

41、imes greater than what American health officials say is needed. The eighth group received sugar pills that had no effect. Those who seemed to gain the most received a mixture of a form of vitamin A called -carotene, vitamin E and the mineral selenium. The vitamin and mineral are believed to prevent

42、damage to cells caused by cancer-causing substances. Researchers reported a 13 percent drop in cancer rates in those who took -carotene, vitamin E and selenium. They also found a 10 percent drop in the number of deaths caused by strokes from bursting blood vessels. Scientists warn that it is too soo

43、n to know if the efffect would be the same among people in other countries. They note that the people in Linxian eat foods that lack necessary vitamins and minerals. Chinese officials will continue to record the health records of the people in Linxian for many years. For now officials reportedly are

44、 considering using the results of the study. They want to find a way to improve the health of people in Linxian and other small towns in China.（分数：14.00）(1).The results of the new study are unexpected.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(2).Among the scientists that did the study, there are more C

45、hinese than Americans.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(3).The study lasted for about five years.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(4).The rate of cancer of stomach and esophagus in Linxian is the highest in China.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(5).Fungus and molds in local foods may

46、 be partly responsible for the high cancer rate in Linxian.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(6).All those people who took part in the study received vitamins and minerals.（分数：2.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(7).The results of the study are of great significance to people everywhere.（分数：2.00）A

47、.RightB.WrongC.Not MentionedSmokingSince 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable

48、doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important actor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of

49、the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply. Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point. Filters and low tar tobacco are clai