大学英语六级-173及答案解析.doc

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1、大学英语六级-173 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)三、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Executive managers“ pay is still determined by simplistic measures of performance that bear little relation to long-term drivers of companies“ value, according to an analysis of pay at FTSE (Financial Times Stock Exchange) 100 companie

2、s over the past decade. The research 1 executive remuneration (报酬) over the 10 years from 2003-2013 at 30 FTSE 100 companies, and found there was 2 correlation between the key performance indicators that companies highlighted to shareholders and the measures used to incentivize and reward senior sta

3、ff. “Much of the discussion around executive compensation focuses on the 3 of bonus payments,“ said Natalie Winter Frost, chairwoman of CFA UK. “The more important question centers around the way that performance is measured and consequently incentivized.“ The research found that chief executives“ p

4、ay showed a low level of correlation with company performance, regardless of the specific measure of performance used. “A large 4 of CEO pay appears unrelated to periodic value creation,“ said the report“s authors. Relatively simplistic performance measures such as earnings per share and total share

5、holder return continued to 5 the criteria which were used to measure executives“ performance over the period. Value-based metrics that 6 performances to the cost of capital were rarely used. Earnings per share can be boosted by, for example, M what their friends and siblings eat; what parents eat an

6、d drink and bring into the house; what is served at school; and, of course, what they like. B. But if you are a parent, would you want your children“s food and beverage choices determined by manufacturers whose primary goal is to make money by getting them hooked on products of questionable nutritio

7、nal value? The issue is of particular importance now that rates of childhood obesity are soaring throughout the country, influenced in no small way by commercial interests. The obesity of children will do great harm to children, not only to their physical health, but also to their psychology. Since

8、in today“s world, people are attaching too much importance to the shape of their body, and children especially teenagers admire the skinny models walking on the stages. So if they are a little overweight, they will feel down and even gloomy. And what is more, the health of children will also influen

9、ce the whole nation“s finance since the more health problems appear, the more money the government will spend to solve these problems. So it is time for us to pay attention to what our children eat. Too much sugar on TV. C. Last month, the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a Washington-base

10、d advocacy group, gave a grade of F to 95 of 128 food and entertainment companies for their policiesor lack thereofon marketing to children. This despite the Children“s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative started in 2006 by the Better Business Bureau, in which 16 major food and restaurant compa

11、nies, representing about 80 percent of television food advertising expenditures, announced they would not market foods to children under 12 if they did not meet the companies“ own nutritional standards. D. Unfortunately, there“s the rub. What a company like Kellogg“s regards as an acceptable amount

12、of sugar in a serving of breakfast cereal (谷类食品) may not be what a nutrition-wise parent would choose. The cutoff adopted by Kellogg“s is 12 grams (3 teaspoons of sugar), which would keep them from promoting Cocoa Krispies (14 grams of sugar in a one-cup serving) to children. But Frosted Flakes, wit

13、h 11 grams, could still be advertised in places where children 6 and older will see them. (The company does not aim advertising at children under 6.) E. Also, since each company sets its own guidelines, what applies to Kellogg“s might not apply to products made by General Mills or Post. “Despite the

14、 industry“s self-regulatory system, the vast majority of food and entertainment companies have no protections in place for children,“ said Margo G. Wootan, the center“s nutrition policy director. In the center“s analysis of marketing to children, released last November, the highest grade, a B-plus,

15、went to the candy maker Mars, which does not market to children under 12 and avoids other tricks that attract them. F. “If companies were marketing bananas and broccoli (花椰菜), we wouldn“t be concerned,“ Dr. Wootan said. “But instead, most marketing is for sugary cereals, fast food, snack foods and c

16、andy. And this junk-food marketing is a major contributor to childhood obesity. “ Furthermore, the analysis showed, although 64 percent of food companies that advertise to children at least have some sort of marketing policy, only 24 percent of restaurants and 22 percent of entertainment companies h

17、ave any policy guiding advertising to children. G. In a study released in March 2007, the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation noted that children ages 2 to 7 see an average of 12 televised food ads a day, or 4400 a year, and children 8 to 12 see an average of 21 a daymore than 7600 a year. For teenage

18、rs, the numbers are 17 a day, or more than 6000 a year. Fully half of all ad time on children“s shows is for food, the foundation reported. H. “Most of the food ads that children and teens see on TV are for foods that nutritionists, watchdog groups and government agencies argue should be consumed ei

19、ther in moderation, occasionally or in small portions,“ the group found. “Of the 8 854 food ads reviewed in the study, there were no ads for fruits or vegetables targeted at children or teens.“ I. In case you are wondering, several studies have demonstrated that television ads do indeed have an effe

20、ctand not a good effecton what children eat, and how much. In one study of 548 students at five public schools near Boston, published in 2006 in The Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, researchers found that for each additional hour of television viewing, the children consumed an addition

21、al 167 calories, especially the caloriedense, low-nutrient foods frequently advertised on television. Too much sugar at the movies J. Now, a new study suggests, it“s time to attend to more subtle promotions of questionable foods, beverages and eating (餐馆) establishments that appear in movies popular

22、 among children and adolescents. “Movies,“ the authors stated, “are a potent source of advertising to children, which has been largely overlooked.“ The study, published in March in the journal Pediatrics , analyzed brand placements for foods, beverages and eateries depicted in the top 20 box-office

23、hits for each year from 1996 to 2005. Of the 138 movies analyzed, 49 percent were rated PG-13, 20.5 percent were PG and 7.5 percent were G. K. “We found that a surprising proportion of movies that were targeted to children and adolescents featured brand appearances,“ the authors wrote. Although Coca

24、-Cola and Pepsi have long-standing commitments not to advertise their products on children“s television, the researchers found that “sugar-sweetened beverage products from these companies regularly appeared in movies, especially those rated for children and adolescents.“ L. Of the 1180 brand placeme

25、nts identified, 26 percent of the food placements were for candy and other sweets and 21 percent for salty snacks; 76 percent of the beverages were sugar- sweetened drinks, and two-thirds of the restaurants were fast-food places. The researchers found that “soft drinks, chips and fast-food brands do

26、minated PG-rated and PG-13-rated movies.“ The authors, led by Lisa A. Sutherland of Dartmouth Medical Center, found an average of 8.6 brand placements per movie, and concluded that most were “for energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods or product lines.“ A harmful effect M. Lest you doubt these brand plac

27、ements influence young eating habits, the appearance of Reese“s Pieces in the movie E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial resulted in a sharp increase in sales in the three months after the movie“s release in 1982. N. “Movie product placement is equal to subconscious advertising, yet it has been largely ignor

28、ed by those who study the impact of marketing on children,“ the authors wrote. The authors expressed particular concern about the influence of brand placements in movies rated PG and PG-13 on older children and teenagers, “who are gaining independence with respect to their food choices.“ They noted

29、that this “provides a likely avenue by which brand loyalty and product preference can be built.“ O. What can you do? I wouldn“t dare suggest passing up a wonderful movie like “E. T.“ But just as parents and others have objected to sugary drinks sold in schools and, to a lesser effect so far, to food

30、s advertised on children“s television, it may be time to make your feelings known to movie producers about how brand placements are harming the health and increasing the weight of America“s children.（分数：30.00）(1).The 16 major food and restaurant companies would not market foods to children under 12

31、until they met the nutritional standards.（分数：3.00）(2).According to a study released by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, half of ad time on children“s shows is for food.（分数：3.00）(3).According to Dr. Wootan, a major cause of childhood obesity is junk-food marketing.（分数：3.00）(4).Researchers found

32、 that watching more TV led children to consume more calories.（分数：3.00）(5).Margo G. Wootan means that many food companies don“t have any protective measures for children.（分数：3.00）(6).A lot of movies that were aimed at children and young people featured brand appearances.（分数：3.00）(7).The movie produce

33、rs should be warned that brand placements do harm to the health and increase the weight of America“s children.（分数：3.00）(8).Nutritionists think that children should eat foods advertised on TV occasionally.（分数：3.00）(9).Those who study the influence of marketing on children tend to ignore that movie pr

34、oduct placement has the same effect as subconscious advertising.（分数：3.00）(10).The issue that ads influence children“s food choices is important because more and more children are obese all over the country.（分数：3.00）五、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：25.00)It“s 7:30 am on a wintry morning in downtown Stockholm and

35、 a sea of Swedes are flooding Central Station to catch a train to work. The station is toasty (暖烘烘的) thanks to the busy shops and restaurants and the body heat being generated by the 250000 commuters who crowd Scandinavia“s busiest travel hub each day. This heat used to be lost by the end of the mor

36、ning rush hour. Now, however, engineers have figured out a way to harness it and transfer it to a newly refurbished office building down the block. These sweaty Swedes have become a green energy source: “They“re cheap and renewable,“ says Karl Sundholm, a project manager at Jernhusen, a Stockholm re

37、al estate company, and one of the creators of the system. Using excess body heat to warm a building is not a new conceptthe Mall of America in Minneapolis recycles the heat generated from shoppers“ bodies to help regulate the temperature of the massive complex during Minnesota“s dreadful winters. Bu

38、t Stockholm has taken the idea a step further by successfully transferring excess body heat from one building to another. “This is old technology, but used in a new way,“ Sundholm explains. “It“s just pipes, water and pumps, but we haven“t heard of anyone else using this technology in this way befor

39、e.“ Here“s how the system works: The heat generated by the commuters is captured by the station“s ventilation (通风) system and used to warm water in underground tanks. The water is then pumped through pipes to the 13-story office building about t00 yards away, where it is incorporated into the main h

40、eating system. Not only is the system environmentally friendly, it“s also cost-effective. In the long run, the company expects to lower the energy costs in the office building by as much as 20% per year. And constructing the new heating system, including installing the necessary pumps and laying the

41、 underground pipes, only cost the firm about $30000, Sundholm says. “It pays for itself very quickly,“ he adds. “And for a large building expected to cost several hundred million kronor to build, that“s not that much, especially since it will get 15% to 30% of its heat from the station.“ With its fr

42、eezing winters, ecologically minded citizenry and high energy costs, Sweden has long taken a creative approach to heating its homes. Ulla Hamilton, Stockholm“s deputy mayor, who is heavily involved in the capital“s environmental, waste and recycling plans attributes this to the Swedish lifestyle. “M

43、ost Stockholmers have families living in the countryside so they have a specific relationship toward nature,“ Hamilton says. “Because of this, sustainability is a large part of our culture.“（分数：25.00）(1).According to the passage, what can excess body heat be used for?（分数：5.00）A.Providing electric po

44、wer for the train.B.Regulating the temperature in the train.C.Generating electricity for the office building.D.Providing heating energy for the office building.(2).In Sweden, the way of using body heat is new in that _.（分数：5.00）A.body heat is collected from the train station instead of the mallB.bod

45、y heat collected in one place can be used in another placeC.body heat is used to warm waterD.this way uses pipes, water and pumps(3).What does Sundholm mean by saying “It pays for itself very quickly“?（分数：5.00）A.Body heat will lower the energy costs and save lots of money.B.Body heat will bring a lo

46、t of profits for the company.C.The cost of this kind of heating system is low.D.Body heat will provide 15% to 30% heat for the office building.(4).According to Ulla Hamilton, why are the Swedes so keen on using green energy?（分数：5.00）A.Traditional energy costs are too high for the Swedes.B.The Swedes

47、 are involved in destroying the environment.C.The rural area in Sweden is abundant in green energy resources.D.The Swedes want to protect nature and keep sustainability.(5).What is the author“s purpose of writing the passage?（分数：5.00）A.To introduce body heat as a green energy in Sweden.B.To analyze

48、why the Swedes are so ecologically minded.C.To remind the Swedes of the high energy costs.D.To suggest ways of keeping sustainability.六、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：25.00)A recurring criticism of the UK“s university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services.

49、Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system. However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia, Canada, USA and UK shows that, from a relatively weak starting position, the UK n