大学六级-1473及答案解析.doc
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1、大学六级-1473 及答案解析(总分:712.00,做题时间:90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数:1,分数:106.00)1.假设你是李芳,给好朋友 Lily 写一封信。内容如下:1. 邀请她五一放假其间来北京游玩2. 简单介绍北京的名胜古迹3. 希望对方回信交流意见A Letter to a Frien(分数:106.00)_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数:1,分数:70.00)Olympic Games and SpiritToday, the Olympic Games are the worlds largest pageant (盛典)of athle
2、tic skill and competitive spirit. These two opposing elements of the Olympics are not a modern invention. The ancient Olympic Games, part of a major religious festival honoring Zeus, the chief Greek god, were the biggest event in their world. They were the scene of political rivalries between people
3、 from different parts of the Greek world, and the site of controversies, boasts, public announcements and humiliations. In this section you can explore the context of the Olympics.The Greek City-states and the Religious FestivalOne difference between the ancient and modern Olympic Games is that the
4、ancient games were played within the context of a religious festival. The Games were held in honor of Zeus, the king of the Greek gods, and a sacrifice of 100 oxen was made to the god on the middle day of the festival. Athletes prayed to the gods for victory, and made gifts of animals, produce, or s
5、mall cakes, in thanks for their successes.According to the legend, the altar of Zeus stood on a spot struck by a thunderbolt, which had been hurled by the god from his throne high atop Mount Olympus, where the gods assembled. Over time, the Games flourished, and Olympia became a central site for the
6、 worship of Zeus. Individuals and communities donated buildings, statues, altars and other dedications to the god. The most spectacular sight at Olympia was the gold and ivory cult (膜拜仪式)statue of Zeus enthroned, which was made by the sculptor Pheidias and placed inside the temple. The statue was on
7、e of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and stood over 42 feet high. A spiral staircase took visitors to an upper floor of the temple, for a better view of the statue.People who were not Greek could not compete in the Games, but Greek athletes traveled hundreds of miles, from colonies of the Gr
8、eek city-states. These colonies were as far away as modern-day Spain, Italy, Libya, Egypt, the Ukraine, and Turkey. A city-state, called a polls, was a typical Greek settlement, with a fortified city and a defensible citadel at the center of a territory, which might include other villages. The polls
9、 of Attica was made up of Athens and its environs (近郊), for example, and the Acropolis was its fortress. The Greek city-states began to establish colonies from the mid-8th century on. After the 2nd century A. D., the Roman Empire brought even more competitors to the Olympic Games, but regional diffe
10、rences always gave the Olympics an international flavor.Excellence and the Competitive SpiritAncient athletes competed as individuals, not on national teams, as in the modern Games. The emphasis on individual athletic achievement through public competition was related to the Greek ideal of excellenc
11、e, called arete. Aristocratic men who attained this ideal, through their outstanding words or deeds, won permanent glory and fame. Those who failed to measure up to this code feared public shame and disgrace.Not all athletes lived up to this code of excellence. Those who were discovered cheating wer
12、e fined, and the money was used to make bronze statues of Zeus, which were erected on the road to the stadium. The statues were inscribed with messages describing the offenses, warning others not to cheat, reminding athletes that victory was won by skill and not by money, and emphasizing the Olympic
13、 spirit of piety toward the gods and fair competition.The Olympic Truce(休战)A truce (in Greek, ekecheiria, which literally means “holding of hands“) was announced before and during each of the Olympic festivals, to allow visitors to travel safely to Olympia. An inscription (题字) describing the truce w
14、as written on a bronze discus which was displayed at Olympia. During the truce, wars were suspended, armies were prohibited from entering Elis or threatening the Games, and legal disputes and the carrying out of death penalties were forbidden.The Olympic truce was faithfully observed, for the most p
15、art, although the historian Thucydides recounts that the Lacedaemonians were banned from participating in the Games, after they attacked a fortress in Lepreum, a town in Elis, during the truce. The Lacedaemonians complained that the truce had not yet been announced at the time of their attack. But t
16、he Eleans fined them two thousand minae, two for each soldier, as the law required.Another international truce was enforced during the annual Mysteries, a religious rite held at the major sanctuary site of Eleusis. The truces of Olympia and Eleusis not only allowed worshippers and athletes to travel
17、 more safely; they also provided a common basis for peace among the Greeks. Lysistrata, the title character in a comic play by Aristophanes, makes this point when she tries to convince the Athenians and the Spartans to end their war.The Ancient AthletesAthletic training was a basic, part of every Gr
18、eek boys education, and any boy who excelled in sport might set his sights on competing in the Olympics. The Olympic competition included preliminary matches or heats to select the best athletes for the final competition.Ancient writers tell the stories of athletes who worked at other jobs and did n
19、ot spend all their time in training. For example, one of Alexander the Greats couriers, Philonides, who was from Chersonesus in Crete, once won the pentathlon, which included discus, javelin, long jump, and wrestling competitions as well as running. However, just as in the modern Olympics, an ancien
20、t athlete needed mental dedication, top conditioning, and outstanding athletic ability in order to make the cut.Self-confidence was also an asset. A Libyan athlete, Eubotas, was so sure of his victory in a running event that he had his victory statue made before the Games were held. When he won, he
21、was able to dedicate his statue on the same day.Many athletes employed professional trainers to coach them, and they adhered to training and dietary routines much like athletes today. The Greeks debated the proper training methods. Aristotle wrote that overtraining was to be avoided, claiming that w
22、hen boys trained too young, it actually sapped them of their strength. He believed that three years after puberty should be spent on other studies before a young man turned to athletic exertions, because physical and intellectual development could not occur at the same time.Victorious athletes were
23、professionals in the sense that they lived off the glory of their achievement ever afterwards. Their hometowns might reward them with free meals for the rest of their lives, cash, tax breaks, honorary appointments, or leadership positions in the community. The victors were memorialized in statues an
24、d also in victory odes, commissioned from famous poets.Cultural Achievements and the GamesThe Olympic festival not only celebrated excellence in athletics. It also provided the occasion for Greeks to produce lasting cultural achievements in architecture, mathematics, sculpture, and poetry.The ancien
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