【考研类试卷】中国科学院硕士英语-12及答案解析.doc

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1、中国科学院硕士英语-12 及答案解析(总分：93.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：12.00)South Korea“s hagwon (private tutoring academies) crackdown is one part of a larger quest to tame the country“s culture of educational masochism. At the national and local

2、 levels, politicians are changing school testing and university admissions policies to reduce student stress and reward softer qualities like creativity. “One-size-fits-all, government-led uniform curriculums and an education system that is locked only onto the college-entrance examination are not a

3、cceptable,“ President Lee Myung-bak vowed at his inauguration in 2008. But cramming is deeply embedded in Asia, where top gradesand often nothing elsehave long been prized as essential for professional success. Modern-day South Korea has taken this competition to new extremes. In 2010, 74% of all st

4、udents engaged in some kind of private after-school instruction, sometimes called shadow education, at an average cost of $2,600 per student for the year. There are more private instructors in South Korea than there are schoolteachers, and the most popular of them make millions of dollars a year fro

5、m online and in-person classes. When Singapore“ Education Minister was asked last year about his nation“s reliance on private tutoring, he found one reason for hope: “We“re not as bad as the Koreans.“ In Seoul, large numbers of students who fail to get into top universities spend the entire year aft

6、er high school attending hagwons to improve their scores on university admissions exams. And they must compete even to do this. At the prestigious Daesung Institute, admission is based on students“ test scores. Only 14% of applicants are accepted. After a year of 14-hour days, about 70% gain entry t

7、o one of the nation“s top three universities. From a distance, South Korea“s results look enviable. Its students consistently outperform their counterparts in almost every country in reading and math. In the U.S., Barack Obama and his Education Secretary speak glowingly of the enthusiasm South Korea

8、n parents have for educating their children, and they lament how far the U.S. students are falling behind. Without its education obsession, South Korea could not have been transformed into the economic powerhouse that it is today. But the country“s leaders worry that unless its rigid, hierarchical s

9、ystem starts to nurture more innovation, economic growth will stalland fertility rates will continue to decline as families feel the pressure of paying for all that tutoring. “You Americans see a bright side of the Korean system.“ Education Minister Lee Ju-ho tells me, “but Koreans are not happy wit

10、h it.“（分数：12.00）(1).South Korea“s educational system _.（分数：2.00）A.gives much weight to examsB.stresses students“ creativityC.shames the country“s cultureD.offers easy admissions(2).Shadow education _.（分数：2.00）A.casts a shadow in students“ mindsB.makes the students“ scores levelC.stimulates competiti

11、on among teachersD.takes the form of private tutoring(3).In Seoul, students who fail to get into top universities _.（分数：2.00）A.can only go to private universitiesB.must spend one more year in high schoolsC.may choose any hagwon they likeD.need to fight for good private tutoring(4).Parents in South K

12、orea _.（分数：2.00）A.usually supervise their children from a distanceB.only focus on their kids“ reading and mathC.devote much of their energy to their kids“ educationD.lament the way the US parents educate their children(5).South Korea“s education obsession _.（分数：2.00）A.has failed to nurture any creat

13、ive studentsB.has contributed to the country“s economic growthC.has led to an increase in the nation“s fertility ratesD.has won world notoriety for South Korean parents(6).With respect to the future of the educational system, South Korean politicians _.（分数：2.00）A.are concerned about its rigidityB.se

14、e it as a model for other culturesC.wish to encourage the birth of more childrenD.hope to expand the scope of private tutoring四、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：12.00)A dispute that. according to Members of Parliament (MPs), threatens the very survival of London Metropolitan University (London Met), the capital

15、“s biggest higher education institution, is spilling over onto London“s streets. Last week lorry drivers on Holloway Road in Islington watched as a group of students and staff marched in protest against a meeting of London Met“s governors. “Save our Staff“ and “London Met on the Roper.“ a reference

16、to the university“s vice-chancellor, Professor Brian Roper, screamed the banners. The university, which has 34,000 students, has long attracted controversy for the militancy of its staff and students, but the latest row is a more serious matter. This crisis is over an attempt by the Higher Education

17、 Funding Council (Hefc) to claw back more than 50m that London Met should not have received. It is believed that as many as 500 jobs could go as a result of the university having been overpaid for student dropouts since 2005, and the unions are furious, claiming at the same time that the university

18、is being unfairly treated by Hefc but that neither the managers nor the governors have explored the alternatives to job cuts. “The University and College Union (UCU) is very concerned that the Hefc regulations appear to discriminate against widening participation,“ said a UCU spokesperson. “But we a

19、lso feel very strongly about the fact that the management are not consulting the unions as they are required to do in law and that they have not considered alternatives like a freeze on new appointments.“ One of the issues in dispute is whether students who did not take their assessments at the end

20、of the year but were intending to take them the following year should be classified as drop-outs. Hefc considers them to have dropped out and says that its funding definitions apply to all universities regardless; UCU believes they should not be classified in this way on the grounds that they need a

21、ll the help they can“ get to complete the course. The dispute has also hit the House of Commons. An early day motion signed by MPs says that the scale of the cutsan 18m reduction in teaching budgets and 38m in claw-backs for previous years“throws the future operability of the university into doubt a

22、t a time when education and training are vital to the capital“s economic health.“（分数：12.00）(1).The dispute mentioned is partly between _.（分数：2.00）A.MPs and UCUB.MPs and the HefcC.London Met“s staff and its governorsD.London Met“s students and lorry drivers(2).“London Met on the Roper“ implies that _

23、.（分数：2.00）A.Brian Roper is in powerB.London Met is at riskC.London Met is facing a brain drainD.Brian Roper is losing credibility(3).Hefc is to take back over 50m from London Met, believing that, for years, the latter _.（分数：2.00）A.has practiced low standards of teachingB.has overpaid its governors a

24、nd staffC.has been unfair to some instructorsD.has had lots of students quitting school(4).The unions are angry with the school management because the latter _.（分数：2.00）A.has been indifferent to the possible job cutsB.has been negligent in approving appointmentsC.has unwisely widened the student enr

25、ollmentD.has unreasonably forced its 500 staff to leave(5).According to UCU, Hefc should include in its funding system the students who choose to take their assessments _.（分数：2.00）A.several timesB.outside schoolC.in later yearsD.at a lower cost(6).It is likely that the House of Commons will _.（分数：2.

26、00）A.urge Hefc to be reconciled to London MetB.intervene concerning Hefc“s decisionsC.back up the governors of London MetD.question London Met“s qualifications五、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：12.00)After years of defensiveness, a siege mentality and the stonewalling of any criticism, a quiet revolution is u

27、nder way in animal research. What has triggered this change of heart? It“s partly down to the economic climate plus fewer new medicines and the removal of much of the threat from animal rights extremism, in the UK at least. Until recently the only criticism of animal research came from antivivisecti

28、on groups who persistently complained about a lack of transparency. Now criticism is coming from researchers too, with the recognition that not all aspects of animal experimentation are as robust as they should be and that something needs to change. That is why we have published new guidelines aimed

29、 at improving the quality of reporting on animal experiments in research papers. These have been met with support, notably from the major funding bodies and many international journals. This is indicative of the new climate in which we operate. Five years ago the guidelines would have been met with

30、scepticism and accusations of increased bureaucracy from some within the scientific community. The difference is that these guidelines come in the wake of recent studies, which reveal serious shortcomings in animal research. One by my own organization, the UK“S NC3Rs, found that key information was

31、missing from many of the 300 or so publications we analysed that described publicly funded experiments on rodents and monkeys in the UK and the US. The new guidelines should ensure the science emerging from animal research is maximised and that every animal used counts. Better reporting will allow g

32、reater opportunity to evaluate which animal models are useful and which are not. One way of doing this is through the systematic reviews that are the gold standard in clinical studies but rarely undertaken for animal studies due to the lack of information published. Animal research has been a thorn

33、in the side of researchers for many years. We can“t afford to get this wrong, scientifically, ethically or financially. Failings in reporting animal data properly can be perceived as an attempt to hide something, either about the quality or value of what is being done. When animal research is funded

34、 from the public purse a public mandate is essential. There is much scope for improvement. It is time for scientistsfunders, researchers and editorsto use the new guidelines to put our house in order.（分数：12.00）(1).According to the passage, those who had long blamed animal research are _.（分数：2.00）A.t

35、hose ignorant of scienceB.government officialsC.some of their colleaguesD.antivivisection groups(2).The passage suggests that the change of heart among animal researchers refers to _.（分数：2.00）A.their reconsideration of their researchB.their resistance to their greater enemiesC.their giving in to ani

36、mal right groupsD.their confession to their Work failures(3).The new guidelines mostly stress that the report on animal research needs to be _.（分数：2.00）A.directiveB.comprehensiveC.affirmativeD.authoritative(4).The UK“s NC3Rs research is mentioned to illustrate that animal research _.（分数：2.00）A.needs

37、 government fundingB.needs publishing guidelinesC.involves some serious problemsD.involves analyses and variations(5).For animal researchers, to put their work under systematic review would be Something _.（分数：2.00）A.newB.hardC.pleasantD.unthinkable(6).The best title for this passage is _.（分数：2.00）A.

38、Make the Most of Animal ExperimentsB.Improve the Quality of Animal ResearchC.Make Every Animal Experiment CountD.Give Public Support to Animal Research六、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：12.00)Likenesses of Buddha are these days SO commonplacethe casual adornment of fashionable spas, fusion restaurants and Pari

39、sian nightclubsthat it is strange to think that artists once hesitated, out of reverence, to portray the Buddha in corporeal form. In 2nd century India, judging by a 2nd century sandstone carving excavated from Mathura, it was sufficient to simply depict an empty thronethe implication that the Buddh

40、a was a spiritual king being very clearly understood by anyone who saw it. But as the stunning new gallery of Buddhist sculpture at London“s Victoria and Albert Museum makes Plain, somewhere along the line the reticence (沉默) about rendering the Buddha“s likeness gave way, and the world embarked on t

41、wo millenniums of rich iconography and statuary. The gallery“s 47 masterworks, chosen from the museum“s renowned Asian collections, trace the Buddha“s portrayal from the 2nd to the 19th centuries, in places as diverse as India, Java and Japan. Inspiration came from unexpected sources. Some sculptors

42、 in Sri Lanka and China simply shaped the Buddha in their own likenesses. A 4th century stucco bust unearthed in Afghanistan features the full lips associated with Indian Gupta art, but also fulsome curls that reflect the Greco-Roman artists brought to the region by Alexander the Great. Other enligh

43、tened souls are shown beside the Buddha. Among the gallery“s most glorious artifacts are depictions of bodhisattvasthose who deliberately postpone their passage to nirvana (涅槃), Buddhists believe, in order to help others along the eightfold path. In the 14th century, metalworkers from Nepal“s Kathma

44、ndu Valley crafted the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, a manifestation of the Buddhist lord of compassion, in gilded copper and precious-stone inlay. An androgYnous-looking deity with wide hips and sensuous form (in Chinese tradition, Avalokiteshvara or Guan Yin is female, in others male), Avalokiteshv

45、ara“s serene face projects the harmony to which all Buddhists aspire. John Clarke, the gallery“s principal curator, says that Avalokiteshvara is sometimes depicted holding a blooming lotusa symbol of spiritual purity. “It comes up from the mud, flowers, and remains untouched by the dirt that surroun

46、ded it,“ he says. You could say the same thing for the wonderful richness of Buddhist art.（分数：12.00）(1).Spas, restaurants and nightclubs are stated to show that _.（分数：2.00）A.images of Buddha are often seen in those placesB.those places are frequented by many Buddhist artistsC.those places are filled

47、 with flavor of Buddhist cultureD.uddhist worshippers regularly go to those places(2).The 2nd century Indian case mentioned denotes that artists at that time considered it disrespectful to _.（分数：2.00）A.depict the figure of BuddhaB.reflect things about BuddhismC.int Buddha in a vague formD.distort Bu

48、ddhist spirituality(3).The new gallery at London“s Victoria UCU believes they should not be classified in this way on the grounds that they need all the help they can“ get to complete the course. The dispute has also hit the House of Commons. An early day motion signed by MPs says that the scale of

49、the cutsan 18m reduction in teaching budgets and 38m in claw-backs for previous years“throws the future operability of the university into doubt at a time when education and training are vital to the capital“s economic health.“（分数：12.00）(1).The dispute mentioned is partly between _.（分数：2.00）A.MPs and UCUB.MPs and the HefcC.London Met“s staff and its governors D.London Met“s students and lorry drivers解析：解析 此题细节定位于首段最后一句，“Last week lorry drivers on Holloway Road in Isling