【考研类试卷】中国传媒大学考博英语-2及答案解析.doc

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1、中国传媒大学考博英语-2 及答案解析(总分：80.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Listenin(总题数：4，分数：40.00)(略)BPart Reading Comprehension/BThere are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the bes

2、t choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the bodys system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. “An animal that cant detect danger cant stay alive. “s

3、ays Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons (神经元)deep in the brain known as the amygdala(扁桃棱).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form

4、 memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraises a situation I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating ne

5、rve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know theyre afraid. Tha

6、t is all LeDoux says,“ if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear.“Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes wi

7、th our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry. Thats not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. “When used properly, worry is an incredible device. “he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action-like havin

8、g a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.Hallowell insists, though, that theres a right way to worry. “Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan.“ he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so were familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.Unfortun

9、ately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so its been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. Thats why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro(抗炭疽茵的药物)and buying gas masks.（分数：10.00

10、）(1).The “so-called fight-or-flight response“ (Line 2,Para. 1) refers to _（分数：2.00）A.the biological process in which human beings sense of self-defense evolvesB.the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential dangerC.the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick dec

11、isionD.the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information(2).From the studies conducted by LeDoux we learn that _（分数：2.00）A.reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictableB.memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distressC.p

12、eoples unpleasant memories are derived from their feelings of fearD.the amygdala plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger(3).From the passage we know that _（分数：2.00）A.a little worry will do us good if handled properlyB.a little worry will enable us to survive a recessionC

13、.fear strengthens the human desire to survive dangerD.fear helps people to anticipate certain future events(4).Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to Hallowell?（分数：2.00）A.Ask for help from the people around you.B.Use the belt-tightening strategies for survival.

14、C.Seek professional advice and take action.D.Understand the situation and be fully prepared.(5).In Hallowells view, peoples reaction to the terrorist threat last fall was _（分数：2.00）A.ridiculousB.over-cautiousC.understandableD.sensibleAmitai Etzioni is not surprised by the latest headings about schem

15、ing corporate crooks(骗子). As a visiting professor at the Harvard Business School in 1989 ,he ended his work there disgusted with his students overwhelming lust for money. “Theyre taught that profit is all that matters,“ he says. “Many schools dont even offer ethics (伦理学) courses at all.“Etzioni expr

16、essed his frustration about the interests of his graduate students. “By and large. I clearly had not found a way to help classes full of MBAS see that there is more to life than money, power, fame and self-interest,“ he wrote at the time. Today he still takes the blame for not educating these “busin

17、ess-leaders-to-he“. “I really feel like I failed them, “he says. “If I was a better teacher maybe I could have reached them.“Etzioni was a respected ethics expert when he arrived at Harvard. He hoped his work at the university would give him insight into how questions of morality could he applied to

18、 places where serf-interest flourished. What he found washt encouraging. Those would-be executives had, says Etzioni, little interest in concepts of ethics and morality in the boardroom-and their professor was met with blank stares when he urged his students to see business in new and different ways

19、.Etzioni sees the experience at Harvard as an eye-opening one and says theres much about business schools that hed like to change. “A lot of the faculty teaching business tire bad news themselves. “Etzioni says. From offering classes that teach students how to legally manipulate contracts, to reinfo

20、rcing the notion of profit over community interests, Etzioni has seen a lot thats left him shaking his head. And because of what hes seen taught in business schools, hes not surprised by the latest rash of corporate scandals. “In many ways things have got a lot worse at business schools. I suspect.

21、“says Etzioni.Etzioni is still teaching the sociology of right and wrong and still calling for ethical business leadership. “People with poor motives will always exist,“ he says. “Sometimes environments constrain those people and sometimes environments give those people opportunity. “Etzioni says th

22、e booming economy of the last decade enabled those individuals with poor motives to get rich before getting in trouble. His hope now: that the cries for reform will provide more fertile soil for his longstanding messages about business ethics.（分数：10.00）(1).What impressed Amitai Etzioni most about Ha

23、rvard MBA students?（分数：2.00）A.Their keen interest in business courses.B.Their intense desire for money.C.Their tactics for making profits.D.Their potential to become business leaders.(2).Why did Amitai Etzioni say “I really feel like I failed them“ (Line 4, Para. 2) ?（分数：2.00）A.He was unable to aler

24、t his students to corporate malpractice.B.He didnt teach his students to see business in new and different ways.C.He could not get his students to understand the importance of ethics in business.D.He didnt offer courses that would meet the expectations of the business-leaders-to-be.(3).Most would-be

25、 executives at the Harvard Business School believed that _（分数：2.00）A.questions of morality were of utmost importance in business affairsB.self-interest should not be the top priority in business dealingsC.new and different principles should be taught at business schoolsD.there was no place for ethic

26、s and morality in business dealings(4).In Etzionis view ,the latest rash of corporate scandals could be attributed to _（分数：2.00）A.the tendency in business schools to stress self-interest over business ethicsB.the executives lack of knowledge in legally manipulating contractsC.the increasingly fierce

27、 competition in the modem business worldD.the moral corruption of business school graduates(5).We learn from the last paragraph that _ _（分数：2.00）A.the calls for reform will help promote business ethicsB.businessmen with poor motives will gain the upper handC.business ethics courses should be taught

28、in all business schoolsD.reform in business management contributes to economic growthYou hear the refrain all the time: the U. S. economy looks good statistically, but it doesnt fed good. Why doesnt ever-greater wealth promote ever-greater happiness.? It is a quest, ion that dales at least to the ap

29、pearance in 1958 of The affluent(富裕的)Society by John Kenneth Galbraith, who died recently at 97.The Affluent Society is a modem classic because it helped define a new moment in the human condition. For most of history,“ hunger, sickness, and cold“ threatened nearly everyone, Galbraith wrote. “Povert

30、y was found everywhere in that world. Obviously it is not of ours. “After World War Il, the dread of another Great Depression gave way to an economic boom. In the 1930s unemployment had averaged 18. 2 percent; in the 1950s it was 4. 5 percent.To Galbraith, materialism had gone mad and would breed di

31、scontent. Through advertising, companies conditioned consumers to buy things they didnt really want or need. Because so much spending was artificial, it would be unfulfilling. Meanwhile, government spending that would make everyone better off was being cut down because people instinctively-and wrong

32、ly-labeled government only as “a necessary evil“.Its often said that only the rich are getting ahead; everyone else is standing still or falling behind. Well, there are many undeserving rich-overpaid chief executives, for instance. But over any meaningful period, most peoples incomes are increasing.

33、 From 1995 to 2004, inflation-adjusted average family income rose 14. 3 percent, to $ 43,200. People feel, “squeezed“ because their rising incomes often dont satisfy their rising wants-for bigger homes, more health care, more education, faster Internet connections.The other great frustration is that

34、 it has not eliminated insecurity. People regard job stability as part of their standard of living. As corporate layoffs increased, that part has eroded. More workers fear theyve be- come “the disposable American“ ,as Louis Uchitelle puts it in his book by the same name.Because so much previous suff

35、ering and social-conflict stemmed from poverty ,the arrival of widespread affluence suggested utopian(乌托邦式的)possibilities. Up to a point, affluence succeeds. There is much less physical misery than before. People are better off. Unfortunately, affluence also creates new complaints and contradictions

36、.Advanced societies need economic growth to satisfy the multiplying wants of their citizens. But the quest for growth lets loose new anxieties and economic conflicts that disturb the social order. Affluence liberates the individual ,promising that everyone can choose a unique way to self-fulfillment

37、. But the promise is so extravagant that it predestines many disappointments and sometimes inspires choices that have anti-social consequences, including family breakdown and obesity (肥胖症). Statistical indicators of happiness have not risen with incomes.Should we be surprised? Not really. Weve simpl

38、y reaffirmed an old truth: the pursuit of affluence does not always end with happiness.（分数：10.00）(1).What question does John Kenneth Galbraith raise in his book The Affluent Society?（分数：2.00）A.Why statistics dont tell the truth about the economy.B.Why affluence doesnt guarantee happiness.C.How happi

39、ness can be promoted today.D.What lies behind an economic boom.(2).According to Galbraith, people feel discontented because _（分数：2.00）A.public spending hasnt been cut down as expectedB.the government has proved to be a necessary evilC.they are in fear of another Great DepressionD.materialism has run

40、 wild in modem society(3).Why do people feel squeezed when their average income rises considerably?（分数：2.00）A.Their material pursuits have gone far ahead of their earnings.B.Their purchasing power has dropped markedly with inflation.C.The distribution of wealth is uneven between the rich and the poo

41、r.D.Health care and educational costs have somehow gone out of control.(4).What does Louis Uchitelle mean by “the disposable American“ (Line 3, Para. 5) ?（分数：2.00）A.Those who see job stability as part of their living standard.B.People full of utopian ideas resulting from affluence.C.People who have

42、little say in American polities.D.Workers who no longer have secure jobs.(5).What has affluence brought to American society?（分数：2.00）A.Renewed economic security.B.New conflicts and complaints.C.Sense of self-fulfillment.D.Misery and anti-social behavior.The use of deferential(敬重的)language is symboli

43、c of the Confucian ideal of the woman, which dominates conservative gender norms in Japan. This ideal presents a woman who withdraws quietly to the background, subordinating her life and needs to those of her family and its male head. She ii a dutiful daughter, wife, and mother, master of the domest

44、ic arts. The typical refined Japanese woman excels in modesty and delicacy; she “treads softly (谨言慎行)in the world“, elevating feminine beauty and grace to an art form.Nowadays, it is commonly observed that young women are not conforming to the feminine linguistic(语言的) ideal. They are using fewer of

45、the very deferential “womens“ forms, and even using the few strong forms that are known as “mens“. This, of course, attracts considerable attention and has Led to an outcry in the Japanese media against the defeminization of womens language. Indeed, we didnt hear about “mens language“ until people b

46、egan to respond to girls appropriation of forms normally reserved for boys and men. There is considerable sentiment about the “corruption“ of womens language-which of course is viewed as part of the loss of feminine ideals and morality-and this sentiment is crystallized by nationwide opinion polls t

47、hat are regularly carried out by the media.Yoshiko Matsumoto has argued that young women probably never used as many of the highly deferential forms as older women. This highly polite style is no doubt something that young women have been expected to “grow into“-after all, it is a sign simply of fem

48、ininity, but of maturity and refit, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of ones social relations as well. one might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when playing house or imitating older women-in a fashion analogous to little girls use of a high-pitc

49、hed voice to do “teacher talk“ or “mother talk“ in rote play.The fact that young Japanese women are using less deferential language is a sure sign of change-of social change and of linguistic change. But it is most certainly not a sign of the “masculinization“ of girls. In some instances, it may be a sign that girls are making the same claim to authority as boys and men, but that is very different from saying that they are trying to be “masculine“. Katsue Reynolds has argued that