【考研类试卷】考研英语知识运用分类精讲科学技术类-(二)及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语知识运用分类精讲科学技术类-(二)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：2，分数：100.00)It is widely known that birds learn to fly through practice, gradually (1) their innate ability into a finely tuned skill. (2) , a recent study conducted by the University of Sheffields Department of Psychology has

2、discovered that the reason birds learn to fly so easily is because memories may have been left behind by their ancestors. These skills may be easy to enhance because of a (3) specified latent (4) for flying.The researchers used simple models of brains called (5) neural networks and computer (6) to t

3、est his theory. They discovered that learning in (7) generations (8) induces the formation of a latent memory in the current generation and (9) decreases the amount of learning required. These effects are especially pronounced if there is a large biological “fitness cost“ to learning, where biologic

4、al fitness is measured in terms of the number of (10) each individual has.The beneficial effects of learning also (11) the unusual form of information storage in neural networks. (12) computers, which store each item of information in a specific location in the computers memory chip, neural networks

5、 store each item (13) over many neuronal connections. (14) information is stored in this way then (15) is accelerated, explaining how complex motor skills, such as nest building and hunting skills, are (16) by a combination of innate ability and learning over many generations.The researchers conclud

6、ed that this new theory has its (17) in ideas (18) by James Baldwin in 1896, who firstly made the counter-intuitive argument that learning within each generation could guide evolution of innate behavior over future generations. Baldwin was right, (19) in ways less sophisticated than he could have im

7、agined because concepts (20) artificial neural networks and distributed representations were not known in his time.（分数：50.00）(1).A. adjusting B. refining C. changing D. turning（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Indeed B. Hence C. Whereas D. However（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. genetically B. cognitively C. habituall

8、y D. extrinsically（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. storage B. organ C. memory D. function（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. affected B. artificial C. fake D. unrealistic（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. dominations B. manipulations C. operations D. simulations（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. previous B. former C. preceding D. ancient（分数：

9、2.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. entirely B. accordingly C. obviously D. indirectly（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. result in B. therefore C. so D. nevertheless（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. partners B. alternatives C. offspring D. parents（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. depend on B. decide C. affect D. involve（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A.

10、 For B. Alike C. Unlike D. Within（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. delivered B. distributed C. displayed D. disposed（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. As B. Given C. If D. Considering（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. ability B. update C. renovation D. evolution（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. learned B. acknowledged C. attained D. acq

11、uired（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. roots B. resources C. bases D. reflections（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. supported B. proposed C. objected D. started（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. and B. then C. but D. besides（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. as for B. in particular C. such as D. for instance（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.Do you wake u

12、p every day feeling too tired, or even upset? If so, then a new alarm clock could be just for you.The clock, called Sleep Smart, measures your sleep cycle, and waits (1) you to be in your lightest phase of sleep (2) rousing you. Its makers say that should (3) you wake up feeling refreshed every morn

13、ing.As you sleep you pass (4) a sequence of sleep stateslight sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleepthat (5) approximately every 90 minutes. The point in that cycle at which you wake can (6) how you feel later, and may (7) have a greater impact than how much or little you have slept. B

14、eing roused during a light phase (8) you are more likely to wake up energetic.SleepSmart (9) the distinct pattern of brain waves (10) during each phase of sleep, via a headband equipped (11) electrodes and a microprocessor. This measures the electrical activity of the wearers brain, in much the (12)

15、 way as some machines used for medical and research (13) , and communicates wirelessly with a clock unit near the bed. You (14) the clock with the latest time at (15) you want to be wakened, and it (16) duly wakes you during the last light sleep phase before that.The (17) was invented by a group of

16、students at Brown University in Rhode Island (18) a friend complained of waking up tired and performing poorly on a test.“ (19) sleep-deprived people ourselves, we started thinking of (20) to do about it,“ says Eric Shashoua, a recent college graduate and now chief executive officer of Axon Sleep Re

17、search Laboratories, a company created by the students to develop their idea.（分数：50.00）(1).A. beside B. near C. for D. around（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. upon B. before C. towards D. till（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. ensure B. assure C. require D. request（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. through B. into C. about D. on（分

18、数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. reveals B. reverses C. resumes D. repeats（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. effect B. affect C. reflect D. perfect（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. already B. ever C. never D. even（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. means B. marks C. says D. dictates（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. removes B. relieves C. records D. rec

19、alls（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. proceeded B. produced C. pronounced D. progressed（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. by B. of C. with D. over（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. familiar B. similar C. identical D. same（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. findings B. prospects C. proposals D. purposes（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. prompt B. pr

20、ogram C. plug D. plan（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. where B. this C. which D. that（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. then B. also C. almost D. yet（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. claim B. conclusion C. concept D. explanation（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. once B. after C. since D. while（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. Besides B. Despite

21、C. To D. As（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. what B. how C. whether D. when（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.考研英语知识运用分类精讲科学技术类-(二)答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：2，分数：100.00)It is widely known that birds learn to fly through practice, gradually (1) their innate ability into a finely tuned skill. (2) , a re

22、cent study conducted by the University of Sheffields Department of Psychology has discovered that the reason birds learn to fly so easily is because memories may have been left behind by their ancestors. These skills may be easy to enhance because of a (3) specified latent (4) for flying.The researc

23、hers used simple models of brains called (5) neural networks and computer (6) to test his theory. They discovered that learning in (7) generations (8) induces the formation of a latent memory in the current generation and (9) decreases the amount of learning required. These effects are especially pr

24、onounced if there is a large biological “fitness cost“ to learning, where biological fitness is measured in terms of the number of (10) each individual has.The beneficial effects of learning also (11) the unusual form of information storage in neural networks. (12) computers, which store each item o

25、f information in a specific location in the computers memory chip, neural networks store each item (13) over many neuronal connections. (14) information is stored in this way then (15) is accelerated, explaining how complex motor skills, such as nest building and hunting skills, are (16) by a combin

26、ation of innate ability and learning over many generations.The researchers concluded that this new theory has its (17) in ideas (18) by James Baldwin in 1896, who firstly made the counter-intuitive argument that learning within each generation could guide evolution of innate behavior over future gen

27、erations. Baldwin was right, (19) in ways less sophisticated than he could have imagined because concepts (20) artificial neural networks and distributed representations were not known in his time.（分数：50.00）(1).A. adjusting B. refining C. changing D. turning（分数：2.50）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 考查动词辨析。本句意为：众所周知，鸟

28、类是通过练习学会飞行，并逐渐把他们天生的能力_成为一种精湛的技巧。refine 本身有经过不断调整逐步提高的意思。它的衍生词 refined有“精致的，优雅的”意思。联系上下文 a finely tuned skill，用 refine最符合文意和上下文搭配。(2).A. Indeed B. Hence C. Whereas D. However（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 考查逻辑关系。根据文意，我们知道此处需要填入的是一个表示转折意义的词。表示的是最近的研究成果推翻了以前的理论假设。所以 DHowever 为正确答案。(3).A. genetically B. cogni

29、tively C. habitually D. extrinsically（分数：2.50）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 考查副词辨析。本题的解题线索应该追溯到前一句：memories may have been left behind by their ancestors. 这实际上就告诉我们，鸟类之所以会很快能飞，是记忆了前辈进化的结果，换言之，是基因注定的。所以正确答案为 A项。(4).A. storage B. organ C. memory D. function（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 考查名词辨析。memory 这个单词在前一句中已经提到。文章大意说的是新的

30、研究成果证明鸟类天生对飞行有一种记忆能力，这就跟以往研究结果说鸟类是靠练习培养飞行能力是不一样的。整个文章都是围绕“记忆”这个中心词来进行的。而且前一句也提到了鸟类的飞行“记忆”。所以正确答案为Cmemory。(5).A. affected B. artificial C. fake D. unrealistic（分数：2.50）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 考查形容词辨析。A 项和 D项不符合文意。该题的迷惑在于 C项。fake 一般指的是“假的，捏造的”，它与 artificial的区别在于，它是一种恶意的行为，是恶意地仿造真的，其反义词为“真实的”。而 artificial就只单纯表示人

31、工制造，其反义词是“天然的”。故正确答案为 Bartificial。(6).A. dominations B. manipulations C. operations D. simulations（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 考查名词辨析。文章说的是研究者用一种计算机技术来检测这个理论。常识告诉我们，计算机一般通过程序来仿真或者控制目标。而前句中有“模型”一词出现因此可推断出，研究者是意图通过模型模拟检测这个理论。“计算机模拟”是现在一个很流行的话题。它的固定说法就是 computer simulation。(7).A. previous B. former C. prece

32、ding D. ancient（分数：2.50）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 考查形容词辨析。根据后句中的 current generation，可以推断出这个空应该是跟current相反的意思，表示“之前的”的意思，是说当代的鸟类会从它的祖先原来积累的学习经验中受益。previous表示时间上“之前的”的意思，符合文意。因此正确答案是 A项。(8).A. entirely B. accordingly C. obviously D. indirectly（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 考查副词辨析。四个选项放进空白处似乎都对，但是文章提出的是一个新的研究成果，对以往问题的一个

33、新的假设。如果问题是明显的话，就不用有这么多研究去证明它。因此。这个新观点的意图肯定是说“以前鸟类祖先对飞行的记忆间接地帮助了当代鸟类记忆的形成”。故 D项是符合文意的正确答案。(9).A. result in B. therefore C. so D. nevertheless（分数：2.50）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 考查逻辑关系。衔接句子的副词有两种作用，一种用于承接上文，表明前后两句话的关系：另一种用于介绍下文，表示对下文的描述。根据上下文，这一空需要的是一个表示结果的词语衔接。故 B项是正确答案。(10).A. partners B. alternatives C. offspr

34、ing D. parents（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 考查名词辨析。根据文章，其大意说的是研究人员新发现鸟类祖先的记忆会通过累积进化遗传到后代。因此鸟类祖先学习的技能会间接减少其后代的学习量。文章一直说的都是祖先对后代的影响，因此正确答案为 C项，意思是，一个鸟类祖先拥有的后代越多，这种遗传效应就越明显。offspring 是“子女，后代”的意思，单复数同形。(11).A. depend on B. decide C. affect D. involve（分数：2.50）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 考查动词辨析。其实原文中的 also“也”给了我们很多的暗示，暗示本段中

35、的观点和刚才在第二段中提到的观点是并列关系。而第二段说的就是优势之一是靠遗传，因此这一空也应该填一个表示“依靠”的意思的词语，故答案选 Adepend on。B 项在逻辑上和正确答案相反，不符合文意。(12).A. For B. Alike C. Unlike D. Within（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 考查介词辨析。文章在这里引出计算机的特征，目的是做类比或者反比。因为计算机也是通过信息储存来实现其功能的。很明显，本段第一句话告诉我们，鸟类的神经网络里信息储存是不规则的，而空白处后面的定语从句告诉我们，计算机储存信息是规则的，所以这里做的是反比。因此，正确答案为C项。(

36、13).A. delivered B. distributed C. displayed D. disposed（分数：2.50）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 考查动词辨析。既然文章在此做的是鸟类神经网络和计算机网络的一个反比，那么我们需要做的就是根据上一句话中相应的已知信息做出判断。我们很容易就能找到 specific location这一相应信息，因此，空白处应该填的是“不明确、分散的位置”。根据词义，B 项是正确答案。(14).A. As B. Given C. If D. Considering（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 考查语法知识。通读文章，结合句子后面的逻辑提

37、示 then，我们可以知道前面空白处是表示假设的从句。所以正确答案是 CIf。(15).A. ability B. update C. renovation D. evolution（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 考查名词辨析。同样是联系上下文，文章说的是正是因为信息是以这种方式储存的，再加上代代遗传的因素，所以优势进化的速度就会更快，这样更促进了鸟类在学习能力方面的提高。而且这句话末尾的 over many generations也给出进一步的暗示，只有 evolution才具有这样的意思。所以选Devolution。(16).A. learned B. acknowledg

38、ed C. attained D. acquired（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 考查动词辨析。这段话说的是信息储存的形式可以解释鸟类是怎样“获得”那些复杂的技能的。根据上文可知，这些技能并不完全是天生的，还有一部分是后天获得的。而 D项恰好表示的就是“后天获得”的意思。因此，正确答案是 Dacquired。(17).A. roots B. resources C. bases D. reflections（分数：2.50）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 考查名词辨析。root 的本义是指植物的根茎，引申之后意为“根源，最初的来源”。在这里指的是新理论可以追溯到的渊源。所以选

39、Aroots。(18).A. supported B. proposed C. objected D. started（分数：2.50）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 考查动词辨析。本题的解题线索在空白处后的定语从句：who first made the counter-intuitive argument.该句中的 first给出提示：Baldwin 一定是提出这个观点的人。四个选项中，只有 B项符合文意。(19).A. and B. then C. but D. besides（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 考查逻辑关系。could have done 这个虚拟语气表示的是“

40、本来能做而未做到的事情”。据此，可以推断，其前边的空处缺少的是一个带有转折意思的词语。所以 C项是正确答案。(20).A. as for B. in particular C. such as D. for instance（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 考查短语辨析。考生应该注意到 concepts和 artificial neural networks and distributed representations之间是内涵与外延的关系。由此可知 Csuch as 为正确答案。as for“至于，关于”，in particular。“尤其，特别”，for instance“

41、例如，比如”。Do you wake up every day feeling too tired, or even upset? If so, then a new alarm clock could be just for you.The clock, called Sleep Smart, measures your sleep cycle, and waits (1) you to be in your lightest phase of sleep (2) rousing you. Its makers say that should (3) you wake up feeling

42、refreshed every morning.As you sleep you pass (4) a sequence of sleep stateslight sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleepthat (5) approximately every 90 minutes. The point in that cycle at which you wake can (6) how you feel later, and may (7) have a greater impact than how much or litt

43、le you have slept. Being roused during a light phase (8) you are more likely to wake up energetic.SleepSmart (9) the distinct pattern of brain waves (10) during each phase of sleep, via a headband equipped (11) electrodes and a microprocessor. This measures the electrical activity of the wearers bra

44、in, in much the (12) way as some machines used for medical and research (13) , and communicates wirelessly with a clock unit near the bed. You (14) the clock with the latest time at (15) you want to be wakened, and it (16) duly wakes you during the last light sleep phase before that.The (17) was inv

45、ented by a group of students at Brown University in Rhode Island (18) a friend complained of waking up tired and performing poorly on a test.“ (19) sleep-deprived people ourselves, we started thinking of (20) to do about it,“ says Eric Shashoua, a recent college graduate and now chief executive offi

46、cer of Axon Sleep Research Laboratories, a company created by the students to develop their idea.（分数：50.00）(1).A. beside B. near C. for D. around（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 考查固定搭配。wait 为不及物动词，wait for 为固定搭配，意为“等待”，wait for sb. to do sth. 意为“等待某人做某事”。故 Cfor 为正确答案。(2).A. upon B. before C. towards D. till（

47、分数：2.50）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 考查逻辑关系。空格前提到，SleepSmart 等待你进入最浅睡眠阶段，而空格后提到SleepSmart将你唤醒。根据逻辑可以判断，闹钟应该是等到你进入最浅睡眠阶段后才唤醒你，故Bbefore 为正确答案。(3).A. ensure B. assure C. require D. request（分数：2.50）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 考查动词辨析。空格处所在句子的意思为“制造商_它会让你每天早晨醒来都会感觉精神振作”。Aensure 意为“保证，确保”，后面加 sth. 或者 that从句。这里 you前省略了 that，其意仍符合语境，故

48、 A项为正确答案。而 assure虽意义相似，但其后通常加 sb. ，用法为 assure sb. of sth. ；require 意为“需要，要求”；request 意为“请求，要求”，这三项均不符合题意。(4).A. through B. into C. about D. on（分数：2.50）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 考查词汇搭配。pass through 为固定搭配，意为“经历，穿过”。代入句子中，表示“人们睡觉时经历几个睡眠阶段”，符合题意，故选 Athrough。pass into 意为“进入”，pass 与 about不能构成搭配，pass on 意为“去世，传递”，这三项

49、均不符合题意。(5).A. reveals B. reverses C. resumes D. repeats（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 考查上下文语义与动词辨析。本题的解答有赖于对前一句话的理解，前一句中的“a sequence of sleep states“指一个睡眠状态的顺序，而且后面一句中的“in that cycle”也暗示前面提及的现象是一个循环过程。再结合本句的 every 90 minutes，可以确定应该选择含有重复意思的repeat，即这个睡眠状态的顺序为每 90分钟重复一次。故 Drepeats 为正确答案。reveal 意为“揭示，显示”，reverse 意为“反转，颠倒”，resume 意为“(中断后)重新开始，恢复”，均不符合题意。(6).A. effect B. affect C. reflect D. perfect（分数：2.50）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 考查动词辨析。本句中，_ how you feel later 和 have a greater impact是并列的谓语成分，