【考研类试卷】考博英语-76 (1)及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-76 (1)及答案解析(总分：110.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Reading (总题数：5，分数：20.00)BDirections:/BThere are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and

2、mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.For years, doctors have given cancer patients three main treatments: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Now researchers are developing a fourth weapon: the patients own immune system. New vaccines and drugs

3、 can stimulate the production of an army of cells and antibodies that kill cancer cells.Drug-vaccine therapy may lie lifesaver for Deerfield man. Few people survive advanced melanoma, but immune therapy is giving Deerfield resident Douglas Parker a fighting chance. The 46-year-old salesman noticed a

4、 mole on his chest three and a half years ago that was found to be cancerous. Doctors removed the mole but didnt get all of the cancer. The cancer spread to other parts of his body, including his liver, where a tumor grew as large as a baseball. Parker took interferon and interleukin-2 to boost his

5、immune systems ability to fight the cancer. The tumor shrank but didnt disappear. In August, 1997, surgeons removed it, along with two thirds of his liver. Last January, doctors discovered a new tumor on Parkers left adrenal gland. He received an experimental cancer vaccine at the University of Chic

6、ago Hospitals, but the vaccine didnt stop the cancer from spreading to his right adrenal gland.To augment the vaccine, doctors at Lutheran General Hospital gave Parker a new round of intcrleukin-2 and interferon. The drug-vaccine combination has shrunk the tumors. And while its too early to pronounc

7、e Parker cured, immune therapy may save his life. “I want to do this to help myself as well as other people who have melanoma,“ he said.Immune therapy “ultimately will be a significant change in the way we treat a lot of different cancers,“ said Dr. Jon Richards of Lutheran General Hospital in Park

8、Ridge, who is testing cancer vaccines on melanoma patients. “It will be an equal partner with the other three treatments in the next five to ten years.“ Several drugs that bolster the immune system have been approved, and vaccines are being tested in dozens of clinical trials, including several in t

9、he Chicago area. Many of the experimental vaccines have been tested on patients with advanced melanoma who have little chance of surviving with conventional treatments alone. Researchers also have begun doing work that could lead to vaccines to treat prostate, lung, colon and other cancers.Immune th

10、erapy alone wont cure cancer. But when used after conventional treatments, it could kill cancer cells that survive surgery, radiation or chemotherapy, researchers said. Some day, vaccines also might be able to prevent certain cancers. It may be possible to vaccinate against viruses and bacteria that

11、 help cause cervical, liver and stomach cancers, the National Cancer Institute said.（分数：4.00）(1).The “fourth weapon“ cures cancer by _.（分数：1.00）A.replacing cancerous cellsB.boosting the immune systemC.killing cancer cells directlyD.quickening the reproduction of cells(2).Before he tried the drug-vac

12、cine combination, Mr. Parker was kept alive through _.（分数：1.00）A.surgeryB.radiationC.chemotherapyD.immune therapy(3).What does Dr. Jon Richards mean when he says “It will be an equal partner with the other three treatments in the next five to ten years?“（分数：1.00）A.Within a decade, immune therapy wil

13、l replace the other treatments.B.In the near future, immune therapy will prove to be a better treatment.C.For some time, immune therapy will not be tile only treatment for the desired effect.D.Within the next five to ten years, immune therapy will only be the main treatment for cancer.(4).According

14、to the passage, the prospect of curing cancer through immune therapy is _.（分数：1.00）A.dimB.doomedC.questionableD.brightResistance to the 1954 United States Supreme Court decision terminating segregation placed the schools in the middle of a bitter and sometimes violent dispute. By 1965, when a measur

15、e of genuine integration had become a reality in many school districts, tile schools again found themselves in the eye of a stormy controversy. This time the question was not which children were going to what schools but what kind of education society should provide for the students. The goal of hig

16、h academic performance, which had been revived by criticisms and reforms of the 1950s and early 1960s, began to be challenged by demands for more liberal and free schooling.Many university and some high-school students from all ethnic groups and classes had been growing more and more frustrated-some

17、 of them desperately so-over what they felt was a cruel and senseless war in Vietnam and a cruel, discriminatory, competitive, loveless society at home. They demanded curriculum reform, improved teaching methods, and greater stress and action on such problems as overpopulation, pollution, internatio

18、nal strife, deadly weaponry, and discrimination. Pressure for reform came not only from students but also from many educators. While students and educators alike spoke of the greater need for what was taught, opinions as to what was relevant varied greatly.The blacks wanted new textbooks in which th

19、eir people were recognized and fairly represented, and some of them wanted courses in black studies. They, and many white educators, also objected to culturally biased intelligence and aptitude tests and to academic college entrance standards and examinations. Such tests, they said, did not take int

20、o account the diverse backgrounds of students who belonged to ethnic minorities and whose culture was therefore different from that of the white middle-class student. Whites and blacks alike also wanted a curriculum that touched more closely on contemporary social problems and teaching methods that

21、recognized their existence as individual human beings rather than as faceless robots competing for grades.Alarmed by the helplessness and hopelessness of the urban ghetto schools, educators began to insist on curricula and teaching methods flexible enough to provide for differences in students socia

22、l and ethnic backgrounds. Moreover, for educational reformers the urban ghetto school became a symbol of a general failure of American education to accomplish the goal of individual development. Also reminiscent of those decades were the child-centered schools that sprang up in the later 1960s as al

23、ternatives to and examples for tile traditional schools. The clash between the academically and the humanistically oriented schools of thought, therefore, was in many ways one more encounter in the continuing battle between conservative and liberals.（分数：4.00）(1).The second paragraph is mainly about

24、_.（分数：1.00）A.social evils existing in the 1950s and 1960sB.reforms carried out in the educational systemC.pressure for reforming the educational systemD.discriminatory practices against the ethnic groups(2).Educators accused intelligence and aptitude tests of _.（分数：1.00）A.ignoring contemporary socia

25、l problemsB.being the only standard for enrolling applicantsC.being culturally biased towards some studentsD.not reflecting the applicants real competence(3).The author regards the appeal to education reform in the 1950s and the 1960s chiefly as _.（分数：1.00）A.a proper reaction to racial discriminatio

26、n of the timeB.a demand for an innovative curriculum and teaching methodC.no more than a challenge reformers put to conservativesD.an effort to enhance education levels of the country(4).The best title for this passage might be _.（分数：1.00）A.The Discriminatory Educational Policies in the 1950s and 19

27、60sB.The Demand for Educational Reform in the 1950s and 1960sC.The Racial Problems in Schools in the 1950s and 1960sD.The Educational Reforms in the 1950s and 1960sFor most of us, work is the central, dominating fact of life. We spend more than half our conscious hours at work, preparing for work, t

28、raveling to and from work. What we do there largely determines our standard of living and to a considerable extent the status we are accorded by our fellow citizens as well. It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into

29、a comer, that because most work is pretty intolerable, the people who do it should compensate for its boredom, frustration and humiliations by concentrating their hopes on the other parts of their lives. I reject that as a counsel of despair. For the foreseeable future the material and psychological

30、 rewards which work can provide, and the conditions in which work is done, will continue to play a vital part in determining the satisfaction that life can offer. Yet only a small minority can control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is done; only for a small minorit

31、y does work offer scope for creativity, imagination, or initiative.Inequality at work and in work is still one of the cruelest and most glaring forms of inequality in our society. We cannot hope to solve the more obvious problems of industrial life, many of which arise directly or indirectly from th

32、e frustrations created by inequality at work, unless we tackle it head-on. Still less can we hope to create a decent and humane society.The most glaring inequality is that between managers and the rest. For most managers, work is an opportunity and a challenge. Their jobs engage their interest and a

33、llow them to develop their abilities. They are constantly learning; they are able to exercise responsibility; they have a considerable degree of control over their own and others working lives. Most important of all, they have opportunity to initiate. By contrast, for most manual workers, and for a

34、growing number of white-collar workers, work is a boring, dull, even painful experience. They spend all their working lives in conditions which would be regarded as intolerable-for themselves-by those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue. The majority have little control over th

35、eir work; it provides them with no opportunity for personal development. Often production is so designed that workers are simply part of the technology. In offices, many jobs are so routine that workers justifiably feel themselves to be mere cogs in the bureaucratic machine. As a direct consequence

36、of their work experience, many workers feel alienated from their work and their firm, whether it is in public or in private ownership.（分数：4.00）(1).In the writers opinion, people judge others by _.（分数：1.00）A.the type of work they doB.the place where they workC.the time they spend at workD.the amount

37、of money they earn(2).According to the writer, in the future, work will _.（分数：1.00）A.matter less than it does nowB.be as important as it is nowC.be better paid than it is nowD.offer more satisfaction(3).What does the writer think is needed to solve our industrial problems?（分数：1.00）A.A reduction in t

38、he number of strikes.B.Equality in salaries.C.A more equal distribution of responsibility.D.An improvement in moral standards.(4).What advantages does the writer say managers have over other workers?（分数：1.00）A.They cannot lose their jobs.B.They get time off to attend course.C.They can work at whatev

39、er interests them.D.They can make their own decisions.Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishm

40、ent equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.“ That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury

41、 to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He bel

42、ieved that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less t

43、han giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of eq

44、uality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a

45、 treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will esc

46、ape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opport

47、unity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.（分数：4.00）(1).The best title for this selection is _.（分数：1.00）A.Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB.Approaches to Just PunishmentC.Improvement i

48、n Legal JusticeD.Attaining Justice in the Courts(2).Hegel would view the death sentence for murder as _.（分数：1.00）A.inadequate justiceB.an admission of not being able to cure a diseaseC.the best way for society to get revengeD.an inalienable birthright of the murderer(3).The passage implies that the

49、basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the _.（分数：1.00）A.type of crime that was provenB.severity of the punishmentC.reason for the sentenceD.outcome of the trial(4).The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth“ was presented in order to _.（分数：1.00）A.prove that equality demands just punishmentB.justifies the need for punishments as a part of lawC.give moral backing to retributive justiceD.show that man has long been interested in justiceBattles are