【考研类试卷】考博英语-551及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-551 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：20.00)One of the youngest independent countries in the Western Hemisphere, Trinidad and Tobago, became a nation on August 31, 1962. For a long time this nation has attracted tourists-it is the home of calypso music and limbo dancing-a

2、nd in recent years its healthy economy has attracted investors as well.Trinidad and Tobago is a single country composed of two islands: Trinidad, with the majority of the countrys 900,000 inhabitants, is a rectangle of roughly fifty by forty miles. Tobago, nineteen miles to the north, is smaller and

3、 has a population of about 35,000.Situated at the end of the long chain of Windward and Leeward Islands, Trinidad is at one point only seven miles off the coast of Venezuela. Its geology, flora, and fauna are similar to those of the South American mainland. Like Venezuela, the backbone of Trinidad a

4、nd Tobagos economy is petroleum and its first colonists were Spaniards.Three mountain ranges, with summits of up to 3,000 feet, cross Trinidad from east to west, while Tobago is a relatively flat coral island, rimmed with fine beaches. The broad plains between Trinidads mountain ranges are dominated

5、 by vast fields of sugar cane that present a symmetrical green pattern when seen from the air. A closer inspection reveals the coconut plantations along the coast and the profusion of brilliant red and yellow flowers of various species that are found all over the island. Houses on both islands tend

6、to be light-colored, with an open style of architecture, in many cages with open space under the entire dwelling. Port-of-Spain, the capital, is a bustling modern city where the pulse of the people reflects Britist, Spanish, and East Indian influcnces.（分数：5.00）(1).The title below that best expresses

7、 the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：1.00）A.Trinidad and Tobago, A Young CountryB.Two IslandsC.Trinidads Attraction to TouristsD.Sugar Cane Production(2).Tobagos area is _.（分数：1.00）A.approximately 2,000 square milesB.less than 2,000 square milesC.19 miles from TrinidadD.more than 2,000 square mil

8、es(3).The flowers of Trinidad resemble those of _.（分数：1.00）A.CubaB.Puerto RicoC.Windward IslandsD.Venezuela(4).Trinidads economy depends on _.（分数：1.00）A.sugar caneB.coconutsC.touristsD.oil(5).Sugar cane grows best _.（分数：1.00）A.in mountainous areasB.along the coastC.in valleysD.in coral islandsObserv

9、e the dilemma of the fungus: it is a plant, but it possesses no chlorophyl. While all other plants put the suns energy to work for them combining the nutrients of ground and air into body structure, the chlorophylless fungus must look elsewhere for an energy supply. It finds it in those other plants

10、 which, having received their energy free from the sun, relinquish it at some point in their cycle either to other animals (like us humans) or to fungi.In this search for energy the fungus has become the earths major source of rot and decay. Wherever you see mold forming on a piece of bread, or a pi

11、le of leaves turning to compost, or a blown-down tree becoming pulp on the ground, you are watching a fungus eating. Without fungus action the earth would be piled high with the dead plant life of past centuries. In fact, certain plants which contain resins that are toxic to fungi will last indefini

12、tely. Specimens of the redwood, for instance, can still be found resting on the forest floor centuries after having been blown down.（分数：5.00）(1).The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：1.00）A.Life without ChlorophylB.The Source of Rot and DecayC.The Harmul Qualitie

13、s of FungiD.The Strange World of the Fungus(2).The statement “you are watching a fungus eating“ is best described as _.（分数：1.00）A.figurativeB.ironicalC.parentheticalD.joking(3).The author implies that fungi _.（分数：1.00）A.are responsible for all the worlds rot and decayB.cannot live completely apart f

14、rom other plantsC.attack plants in order to kill themD.are poisonous to resin-producing plants(4).The author uses the word “dilemma“ to indicate that _.（分数：1.00）A.the fungus is both helpful and harmful in its effectsB.no one understands how a fungus livesC.fungi are not really plantsD.the fungus see

15、ms to have its own biological laws(5).Which word best describes the fungus as depicted in the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Quixotic.B.Sporadic.C.Enigmatic.D.ParasitiIn their world of darkness, it would seem likely that some of the animals might have become blind, as has happened to some cave fauna. So, indeed

16、, many of them have, compensating for the lack of eyes with marvelously developed feelers and long, slender fins and processes with which they grope their way, like so many blind men with canes, their whole knowledge of friends, enemies, or food coming to them through the sense of touch.The last tra

17、ces of plant life are left behind in the thin upper layer of water for no plant can live below about 600 feet even in very clear water, and few find enough sunlight for their food-manufacturing activities below 200 feet. Since no animal can make its own food, the creatures of the deeper waters live

18、a strange, almost parasitic existence of utter dependence on the upper layers. These hungry carnivores prey fiercely and relentlessly upon each other, yet the whole community is ultimately dependent upon the slow rain of descending food particles from above. The components of this never-ending rain

19、are the dead and dying plants and animals from the surface, or from one of the intermediate layers. For each of the horizontal zones or communities of the sea that lie between the surface and the sea bottom, the food supply is different and in general poorer than for the layer above.Pressure, darkne

20、ss, and silence are the conditions of life in the deep sea. But we know now that the conception of the sea as a silent place is wholly false. Wide experience with hydrophones and other listening devices for the detection of submarines has proved that, around the shore lines of much of the world, the

21、re is the extraordinary uproar produced by fishes, shrimps, porpoises and probably other forms not yet identified. There has been little investigation as yet of sound in the deep, offshore areas, but when the crew of the Atlantis lowered a hydrophone into deep water off Bermuda, they recorded strang

22、e mewing sounds, shrieks, and ghostly moans, the sources of which have not been traced. But fish of shallower zones have been captured and confined in aquaria, where their voices have been recorded for comparison with sounds heard at sea, and in many cases satisfactory identification can be made.Dur

23、ing the Second World War the hydrophone network set up by the United States Navy to protect the entrance to Chesapeake Bay was temporarily made useless when, in the spring of 1942, the speakers at the surface began to give forth, every evening, a sound described as being like “a pneumatic drill tear

24、ing up pavement“. The extraneous noises that came over the hydrophones completely masked the sounds of the passage of ships. Eventually it was discovered that the sounds were the voices of fish known as croakers, Which in the spring move into Chesapeake Bay from the offshore wintering grounds. As so

25、on as the noise had been identified and analyzed, it was possible to screen it out with an electric filter, so that once more only the sounds of ships came thorugh the speakers.（分数：5.00）(1).Many underwater animals cannot see because _.（分数：1.00）A.the lack of light has gradually eliminated their capac

26、ity to seeB.they use sound waves instead of light to navigate in the darknessC.they have learned to survive without seeing their enemies or their preyD.their sense of touch has eliminated their need to see(2).According to the text, which of the following is NOT a use for a hydrophone?（分数：1.00）A.To l

27、isten to the sound of undersea fauna.B.To search for unknown species of fish and other creatures.C.To monitor the passing of surface vessels.D.To detect submerged submarines.(3).Animals that live near the bottom of the sea are most likely to be carnivorous because _.（分数：1.00）A.they have developed sh

28、arp teeth and strong jaws with which to kill their preyB.plants that grow far below the surface are not edibleC.animals cannot make their own food, so they eat each otherD.most surface vegetation is eaten before it sinks to the bottom of the sea(4).Which of the following statements about the state o

29、f oceanographic research does the text most clearly support?（分数：1.00）A.Undersea research is still incomplete.B.Technology used in undersea studies is still in a very primitive stage of development.C.More undersea research is conducted near shore than in mid-ocean.D.Military researchers have made sev

30、eral momentous discoveries about undersea lif(5).The authors main purpose in the text is to _.（分数：1.00）A.show that the United States coast was threatened by the enemy in World War B.explain some of the complexities of deepsea lifeC.illustrate the main problems faced by undersea researchersD.gain pub

31、lic support for oceanographic expeditionsThe mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive human care

32、 in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums

33、became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect .patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the

34、rights of patients were all but forgotten.These conditions continued until after World War . At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses theretofore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions),

35、 and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposs called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made and Dr. David Vails Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights movem

36、ent led lawyers to investigate Americas prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by

37、 legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered “crazy“ and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The yo

38、ung cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions,

39、an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Patients rights groups successfully encouraged reform by lobbying in state legislatures.Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that cour

40、ts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day-to-day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and retu

41、rn it to the state mental healty administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.（分数：5.00

42、）(1).The main purpose of the passage is to _.（分数：1.00）A.provide a historical perspective on problems of mental health careB.increase public awareness of the plight of the mentally iiiC.shock the reader with vivid descriptions of asylumsD.describe the invention of new treatments for mental illness(2)

43、.The authors attitude toward people who are patients in state institutions can best be described as _.（分数：1.00）A.inflexible and insensitiveB.detached and neutralC.understanding and sympatheticD.enthusiastic and supportive(3).It can be inferred from the passage that, had the Civil Rights movement not

44、 prompted an investigation of prison conditions, _.（分数：1.00）A.states would never have established asylums for the mentally illB.new treatments for major mental illness would have likely remained untestedC.the Civil Rights movement in America would have been politically ineffectiveD.conditions in men

45、tal hospitals might have escaped judicial scrutiny(4).The tone of the final paragraph can best be described as _.（分数：1.00）A.overly emotionalB.cleverly deceptiveC.cautiously optimisticD.fiercely independent(5).According to the passage, mental hospital conditions were radically changed because of _.（分

46、数：1.00）A.a group of young angry men in the 1900sB.active young lawyers in the 1960sC.innocent insane patients protestD.powerful court interventions二、Part Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Though many thought him a tedious old man, he had a _ spirit that delighted his friends.（分数：0.50）A.juvenileB.meekC.le

47、adenD.youthful2.The new machine failed to _ the garbage. As a result, the kitchen was filled to bursting with smelly leftovers.（分数：0.50）A.expandB.compactC.produceD.criticize3.It comes as no surprise that societies have codes of behavior. The character of the codes, on the other hand ,can often be _.

48、（分数：0.50）A.predictableB.unexpectedC.explicitD.confusing4.Some customs travel well. Often, however, behavior that is considered the epitome of _ at home is perceived as impossibily rude or, at the least, harmlessly bizarre abroad.（分数：0.50）A.noveltyB.eccentricityC.urbanityD.tolerance5.Kagan maintains

49、that an infants reactions to its first stressful experiences are part of a natural process of development, not harbingers of childhood unhappiness or _ signs of adolescent anxiety.（分数：0.50）A.propheticB.normalC.monotonousD.virtual6.In parts of the Arctic, the land grades into the landfast ice so _ that you can walk off the coast and not know you are over the hidden se（分数：0.50）A.A. permanentlyB. imperceptiblyC. irregularlyD. precariously7.With its maverick a