【考研类试卷】考博英语-290及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-290 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Use of Englis(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became (1) in a variety of aerobic activities, and (2) thousands of health spas (3) around the country t

2、o capitalize on this (4) interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed (5) to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their (6) was not on aerobics, (7) on weight-training programs designed to dev

3、elop muscular mass, (8) , and endurance in their primarily male (9) . These fitness spas did not seem to benefit (10) from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs (11) few, if (12) , health benefits. In recent years, however, weigh

4、t training has again become increasingly (13) for males and for females. Many (14) programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well. (15) , most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for healt

5、h-related reasons, but primarily (16) such fitness components have been related to (17) in athletics. (18) , in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health (19) as well. The American College of Spo

6、rts Medicine now (20) that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans.（分数：20.00）A.imposedB.engagedC.confinedD.illustratedA.affluentlyB.eligiblyC.gorgeouslyD.literallyA.enhancedB.manifestedC.developedD.establishedA.emergingB.hoveringC.intriguingD.minglingA.priorB.entitle

7、dC.liableD.subjectedA.actionB.focusC.cementD.snapA.orB.or elseC.andD.but ratherA.strengthB.nutritionC.toleranceD.ambitionA.practitionersB.enthusiastsC.refereesD.recipientsA.financiallyB.particularlyC.legitimatelyD.excessivelyA.presentedB.offeredC.indicatedD.demonstratedA.somethingB.someC.anythingD.a

8、nyA.popularB.vigorousC.intelligibleD.formidableA.currentB.primitiveC.unevenD.incredibleA.practicallyB.EventuallyC.EssentiallyD.HistoricallyA.becauseB.if onlyC.althoughD.now thatA.performanceB.harassmentC.identificationD.portrayalA.MoreoverB.ThereforeC.HoweverD.AnywayA.advantagesB.benefitsC.interests

9、D.profitsA.recommendsB.reassuresC.speculatesD.mediates二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Gene therapy and gene-based drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on

10、 the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years.While its true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want

11、for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells havent begun to specialize.Yet this untapped potential could be a te

12、rrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells-brain cells in Alzheimers, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few. If doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replace

13、ment tissue.It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem ceils and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still cant be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations; but if efforts to understand and mas

14、ter stem-cell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the ge

15、nome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a full-fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent.For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog h

16、ave real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year.Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technic

17、ally feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells., the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus

18、to cure disease. That could prove to be a true “miracle cure./（分数：5.00）(1).The writer holds that the potential to make healthy body tissues will _.（分数：1.00）A.aggravate moral issues of human cloningB.bring great benefits to human beingsC.help scientists decode body instructionsD.involve employing sur

19、gical instruments(2).The word “rejuvenated“ (Par（分数：1.00）A.5 ) most probably means _.A. modifiedB. re-collectedC. classifiedD. reactivated(3).The research at the University of Wisconsin is mentioned to show _.（分数：1.00）A.the isolation of stem cellsB.the effects of gene therapiesC.the advantages of hu

20、man cloningD.the limitations of tissue replacements(4).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：1.00）A.The principle of gene therapy is applicable to that of cloning.B.The isolation of stem ceils is too difficult to be feasible.C.It is reasonable for all body instructions to be activ

21、ated.D.Cloned animals will eventually take control of the worl(5).Towards the genetic research, the authors attitude can best be said to be that of _.（分数：1.00）A.frustrationB.indifferenceC.amazementD.opposition四、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：5.00)What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consen

22、sus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present

23、hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homers epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a l

24、anguage all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteris

25、tic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says that modern man, “tortured by self-con

26、sciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for“. There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose.Contrary to rigi

27、d religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory; but this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because ours is a society based on indi

28、vidual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a myth-a vision about a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy

29、 formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Suc

30、h myths help to ward off feelings of isolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessness-in short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.（分数：5.00）(1).In the eyes of the author, the greatest trouble with the US society may lie in _.（分数：1.00）A.the non-existence of consensu

31、s on the forms the society should takeB.the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social lifeC.the non-acceptance of a society based on individual diversityD.the pervasive distress caused by national morale decline(2).The asocial personality of Americans may stem from _.（分数：1.00）A.the

32、absence of a common religion and ancestryB.the multiracial constituents of the US societyC.the want of a shared myths they possess in lifeD.the counterbalance to narcissistic personality(3).Homers epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order to _.（分数：1.00）A.exemplify the contributions made by ancient

33、poetsB.illustrate the role of shared fantasies about societyC.show an ideal stage of eternal social progressD.make known myths of what a society ought to be(4).The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans _.（分数：1.00）A.to bring about the uniformity of their cultureB.to regain their

34、consensus about a common experienceC.to stay away from negative feelings in their lifeD.to counteract the effects of consensus about society(5).It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lash is most probably _.（分数：1.00）A.a reform advocateB.a senior psychologistC.a reputed poetD.a social h

35、istorian五、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：5.00)The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U. S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recentl

36、y issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, accordi

37、ng to the U. S. Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U. S. economic output and strengthen the tax

38、 base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as h

39、igh as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and

40、 benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401(k) and Ke

41、ogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.The Hudson Institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work

42、 and savings, especially for older workers. Among the report s recommendations. Tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income; provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower

43、salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.（分数：5.00）(1).According to Hudson

44、 Institute researchers, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers on the U. S. economy is _.（分数：1.00）A.constructiveB.significantC.inconclusiveD.detrimental(2).The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may _.（分数：1.00）A.do harm to young

45、er generationsB.end up with few or no benefitsC.give play to their potentialsD.shed light on social trends(3).The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that _.（分数：1.00）A.there will be an acute labor shortage in the near futureB.baby-boomers contribute much to the US economic outputC.government

46、 policies concerning older people are out-datedD.older workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits(4).When mentioning “the ongoing stock market on Wall Street“, the writer _.（分数：1.00）A.is calling attention to the privileges to which baby-boomers are entitledB.is calling for the governm

47、ent to take countermeasures against labor shortageC.is refuting a notion about experienced workers early retirementD.is justifying the ineffectiveness of federal tax and benefit policies(5).Towards the issue, what the writer is most concerned about will be _.（分数：1.00）A.to advocate radically reformin

48、g government policiesB.to take into account the benefits upon retirementC.to put in practice what Hudson researchers believe inD.to prolong the practicability of older experienced employees六、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：5.00)The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510) sugg

49、ests gests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticellis work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellow Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors,