【考研类试卷】考博英语-231及答案解析.doc
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1、考博英语-231 及答案解析(总分:100.00,做题时间:90 分钟)一、Translation(总题数:5,分数:100.00)1.Blacks have traditionally been poorly educatedlook at the crisis in urban public schoolsand deprived of the sorts of opportunities that create the vision necessary for technological ambition. Black folkways in America, those unspoke
2、n, largely unconscious patterns of thought and belief about what is possible that guide aspiration and behavior, thus do not encompass physics and calculus. Becoming an engineerunlike becoming a doctor or a lawyer or an insurance salesmanhas not been seen as a way up in the segregated black communit
3、y. These folkways developed in response to very real historical conditions, to the limited and at best ambivalent interactions between blacks and technology in this country. Folkways, the “consciousness of the race,“ change at a slower pace than societal conditions doand so a working strategy can tu
4、rn into a crippling blindness and self-limitation. (分数:20.00)_2.To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: “I will take an interest in this or that.“ Such an attempt only aggravates the st
5、rain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to
6、death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week“s sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or bu
7、sinessman, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry trifling things at the weekend. (分数:20.00)_3.Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly t
8、he Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don“t know where they should go next. The coming of age of
9、 the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan“s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only
10、 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. While often praised
11、by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored,“ says Toshiki Kaifu, chairm
12、an of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party“s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.“ Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a
13、return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.“ But that ma
14、y have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,“ says educator Yoko Muro, “it“s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.“ With economic growth has come centralization, fully 76 percent of Japan“s 119 million citizens live in cities where
15、 community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In t
16、he past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. (分数:20.00)_4.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side. Inadequ
17、acy of energy resources of the technologies for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits to human beings and hence inconvenience, and constraints on its growth. The 1970“s, then, represented an turning point, Energy was seen to be getting costli
18、er in all respects. It began to be believable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits. The crucial question at the beginning of the
19、 1990“s is whether the trend that began in the 1970“s will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of cheap energy really over, or will a combination of new resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale of energy de
20、mand brought forth by 100years of population growth and industrial demand. Except for the huge pool of oil underlying the Middle East, the cheapest oil and gas are already gone. Even if a few more giant oil fields are discovered, they will make little difference against consumption on today“s scale.
21、 Oil and gas will have to come increasingly, for most countries, from deeper in the earth and from imports whose reliability and affordability cannot be guaranteed. (分数:20.00)_5.It“s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you
22、could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers“ misfortunes. Feeling thr
23、eatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might-surprise!fall off. The label on a child“s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not en
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