1、考博英语-231 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Translation(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.Blacks have traditionally been poorly educatedlook at the crisis in urban public schoolsand deprived of the sorts of opportunities that create the vision necessary for technological ambition. Black folkways in America, those unspoke
2、n, largely unconscious patterns of thought and belief about what is possible that guide aspiration and behavior, thus do not encompass physics and calculus. Becoming an engineerunlike becoming a doctor or a lawyer or an insurance salesmanhas not been seen as a way up in the segregated black communit
3、y. These folkways developed in response to very real historical conditions, to the limited and at best ambivalent interactions between blacks and technology in this country. Folkways, the “consciousness of the race,“ change at a slower pace than societal conditions doand so a working strategy can tu
4、rn into a crippling blindness and self-limitation. （分数：20.00）_2.To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: “I will take an interest in this or that.“ Such an attempt only aggravates the st
5、rain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to
6、death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week“s sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or bu
7、sinessman, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry trifling things at the weekend. （分数：20.00）_3.Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly t
8、he Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don“t know where they should go next. The coming of age of
9、 the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan“s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only
10、 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. While often praised
11、by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored,“ says Toshiki Kaifu, chairm
12、an of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party“s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.“ Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a
13、return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.“ But that ma
14、y have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,“ says educator Yoko Muro, “it“s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.“ With economic growth has come centralization, fully 76 percent of Japan“s 119 million citizens live in cities where
15、 community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In t
16、he past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. （分数：20.00）_4.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side. Inadequ
17、acy of energy resources of the technologies for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits to human beings and hence inconvenience, and constraints on its growth. The 1970“s, then, represented an turning point, Energy was seen to be getting costli
18、er in all respects. It began to be believable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits. The crucial question at the beginning of the
19、 1990“s is whether the trend that began in the 1970“s will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of cheap energy really over, or will a combination of new resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale of energy de
20、mand brought forth by 100years of population growth and industrial demand. Except for the huge pool of oil underlying the Middle East, the cheapest oil and gas are already gone. Even if a few more giant oil fields are discovered, they will make little difference against consumption on today“s scale.
21、 Oil and gas will have to come increasingly, for most countries, from deeper in the earth and from imports whose reliability and affordability cannot be guaranteed. （分数：20.00）_5.It“s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you
22、could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers“ misfortunes. Feeling thr
23、eatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might-surprise!fall off. The label on a child“s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not en
24、able user to fly“. While warnings are often appropriate and necessarythe dangers of drug interactions, for example-and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn“t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent
25、of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn“t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmo
26、ns, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We“re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren“t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries.“ says Nimmons. The jury agreed
27、 that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete“s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institutea group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customer
28、s of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities.“ says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on produ
29、cts might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. （分数：20.00）_考博英语-231 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Translation(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.Blacks have traditionally been poorly educatedlook at the crisis in urban public schoolsand deprived of the sorts o
30、f opportunities that create the vision necessary for technological ambition. Black folkways in America, those unspoken, largely unconscious patterns of thought and belief about what is possible that guide aspiration and behavior, thus do not encompass physics and calculus. Becoming an engineerunlike
31、 becoming a doctor or a lawyer or an insurance salesmanhas not been seen as a way up in the segregated black community. These folkways developed in response to very real historical conditions, to the limited and at best ambivalent interactions between blacks and technology in this country. Folkways,
32、 the “consciousness of the race,“ change at a slower pace than societal conditions doand so a working strategy can turn into a crippling blindness and self-limitation. （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：一直以来，黑人的受教育程度都较低，这种情况从市属公立学校所遇挑战中可见端倪，一些有理想、想去学技术的黑人没有其施展才华、开创未来的机会。“指导人们行为和理想的是什么?”这个问题始终与美国黑人的民俗紧密相关。当然，这不涉及物
33、理学或微积分之类的问题，只是显而易见地决定于黑人潜意识中的思维模式和信仰方式。黑人成为工程师并不意味着从此就脱离了原本的黑人社区，而不会再受到种族歧视，因为当上医生、律师以及保险业务员之后的境遇与当上工程师是很不相同的。在美国之所以会形成这样的民俗，有以下两点原因：其一，受异常现实的历史背景所迫；其二，黑人对科技的接触十分有限，换言之，就是黑人与科技之间存在的矛盾关系。民俗，也就是“民族意识”，并非会因为社会变迁而发生重大改变，所以，在处理不同的问题时，若采用单一而死板的工作策略，就很可能会引发自我限制和极端盲目情形的出现。2.To be really happy and really saf
34、e, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: “I will take an interest in this or that.“ Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily wor
35、k, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering th
36、e manual laborer, tired out with a hard week“s sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or businessman, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry t
37、rifling things at the weekend. （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：一个人，为了活得真正开心和踏实，至少要培养两到三项兴趣。而且必须是真正的兴趣。到了晚年才说：“我对这感兴趣，对那也感兴趣。”已经没有什么必要了。这种愿望只能加剧精神紧张。一个人也许在其非工作领域也同样是学富五车，但是，也很难从中得到什么益处或慰藉。做你喜欢的事一般没有什么用；要学会热爱自己的职业。泛泛来说，人可以划分为三类：劳累至死的人，忧虑至死的人，厌烦至死的人。让一个体力劳动者在周末下午踢足球或打棒球来放松是毫无意义的，因为一周的辛劳已经令他们精疲力竭了。让那些为大事持续操劳或费心了六天
38、的政界人士、专业人士或商界人士，在周日，继续为鸡毛蒜皮的小事劳神，这也同样是于事无补的。3.Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young peop
39、le were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don“t know where they should go next. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited th
40、e opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan“s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 pe
41、rcent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking an
42、d mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored,“ says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party“s education committee. “Frustration against this kind
43、 of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.“ Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then educa
44、tion minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.“ But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,“ says educator Yoko Muro, “it“s never a
45、 question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.“ With economic growth has come centralization, fully 76 percent of Japan“s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation hou
46、seholds. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, ha
47、s increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：战后日本不是无目标的发展，其高效的生产率和社会和睦令美国及欧洲各国所羡慕。但是，日本人正在经历传统职业道德价值观的日趋下降。十年前，年轻人工作勤奋，把工作视为生存的主要目的。然而，现在日本在很大程度上已满足了经济需求，结果年轻人不知道下一步该干什么。 战后婴儿高峰期的到来及妇女加入男性主宰的人才市场限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年对攀登从上好学校到找好工作这一严格的社会阶梯所付出的沉重的个人代价产生了疑问。在最近的一项调查中发现，与 67.2%的美国学生相比，只有 24.5%的日本学生对学校生活完全满意。此外，与被调查的其他十个国家的工人相比，有更多的日本工人对工作不满意。 尽管日本因强调基础知识而受到外国人的称赞，但是其教育往往强调应试和机械性学习而不是强调创造性及能动性。占统治席位的自由民主党教育委员会主席
