【考研类试卷】北京航空航天大学考博英语真题2011年及答案解析.doc

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1、北京航空航天大学考博英语真题 2011 年及答案解析(总分：80.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：7.50)Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to devel

2、op new products and create new Jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sum needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-terra finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn

3、to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business is new development if they are to serve us properly, and requires more money than is raised through the Stock Exchan

4、ge. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of individuals both at home and overseas. When the saver needs his money back he does not have to go .to the company with which he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker (证券经纪人) to some other saver who is see

5、king to invest his money. Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, equipment and new development, if they are to serve us properly, require more money than is raised through taxes

6、 alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and then too, come to the Stock Exchange. There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ab

7、ility of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance. (353 words)（分数：7.50）(1).Almost all com

8、panies involved in new production and development must _.（分数：1.50）A.rely on their own financial resourcesB.persuade the banks to provide long-term financeC.borrow large sums of money from friends and people we knowD.depend on the population as a whole for finance(2).The money which enables these com

9、panies to go ahead with their projects is _.（分数：1.50）A.repaid to its original owners as soon as possibleB.raised by the selling of shares in the companiesC.exchanged for part ownership in The Stock ExchangeD.invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange(3).When the savers want their money ba

10、ck they _.（分数：1.50）A.ask another company to obtain their money for themB.look for other people to borrow money fromC.put their shares in the company back on the marketD.transfer their money to a more successful company(4).All the essential services on which we depend are _.（分数：1.50）A.run by the Gove

11、rnment or our local authoritiesB.in constant need of financial supportC.financed wholly by rates and taxesD.unable to provide for the needs of the population(5).The Stock exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries _.（分数：1.50）A.to borrow as much money

12、 as they wishB.to make certain everybody saves moneyC.to raise money to finance new developmentsD.to make certain everybody lends money to them四、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：7.50)There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but a

13、s the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rulers by ancient writers, who relate how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were giv

14、en Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable (寓言) of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures and that the one without the other is not durable. A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to

15、act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his inte

16、rest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to

17、 show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have

18、succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.（分数：7.50）(1).The writer does

19、not believe that _.（分数：1.50）A.the truth makes men freeB.people can protect themselvesC.princes are humanD.leaders have to be consistent(2).“Prince“ in the passage designates _.（分数：1.50）A.anyone in powerB.elected officialsC.aristocratsD.sons of kings(3).The lion represents those who are _.（分数：1.50）A.

20、too trustingB.reliant on force onlyC.strong and powerfulD.lacking in force(4).The fox, in the passage, is _.（分数：1.50）A.admired for his trickeryB.no match for the lionC.pitied for his wilesD.considered worthless(5).The writer suggests that a successful leader must _.（分数：1.50）A.be prudent and faithful

21、B.cheat and lieC.have principle to guide his actionsD.follow the truth五、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：7.50)In recent years, teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today, excellent a

22、nthologies (文选) and other introductory texts exist, and books on individual Asian Americans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are expels in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students; non-expels who teach in related areas and are looking for writings fo

23、r and by Asian American to include in survey courses are in an even worse position. A complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans, such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asi

24、an American studies courses (and professors in related fields) to look up basic information on Asian American individuals, institutions, history, and culture without having to wade through (费力地阅读冗长或艰深的材料) mountains of primary source material. In addition, given such works, Asian American studies pro

25、fessors might feel more free to include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory reading lists, since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material.（分数：7.50）(1).The author is primar

26、ily concerned with _.（分数：1.50）A.responding to a criticismB.describing a course of studyC.discussing a problemD.evaluating a past course of action(2).The “dilemma“ (Line 2, Para.1) can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a choice when faced with a _.（分数：1.50）A.lack of accep

27、table alternativesB.lack of strict standards for evaluating alternativesC.preponderance of bad alternatives as compared to goodD.multitude of different alternatives(3).Biographical dictionaries and desktop encyclopedias are _.（分数：1.50）A.primary source materialsB.introductory textsC.excellent antholo

28、giesD.reference materials(4).Which of the following is implied about the introductory courses in Asian American studies a few decades ago?（分数：1.50）A.The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such was extremely limitedB.The texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not v

29、ery challenging for studentsC.Students often complained about the texts assigned to them, in such coursesD.Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources(5).According to the passage, the existence of good one-volume reference works about Asian Americans could

30、result in _. A. increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field B. an increase in the number of students sighing up for introductory courses in Asian American studies C. increased accuracy in writings that concern Asian Ame

31、rican history and culture（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.六、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：7.50)Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions in the air can have an ill effect on people“s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particles, and g

32、enerally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a larger proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorm, earthquakes when winds such as the Mistral, Hamsin or Sharav are blowing in ce

33、rtain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens. When a large number of positive ions are present, in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as

34、headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even mental disturbance. Animals are also affected, particularly before earthquakes, snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccoun

35、tably. This has led the U.S. Geographical Survey to fund a network, of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California. Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natura

36、l conditions that produce these large amounts are near the sea, close to waterfalls or fountains, or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effect of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls. To increase t

37、he supply of negative ions indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionisers: small portable machines, which generate negative ions. They claim that ionisers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detr

38、actors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative / positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds by observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all it is debatable whether depending on s

39、eismic readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.（分数：7.50）(1).What effect does exceeding positive ionization have on some people?（分数：1.50）A.They think they are insaneB.They become rather bad-temperedC.They become violently sickD.They are too tired to do anything(2).I

40、n accordance with the passage, static electricity can be caused by _.（分数：1.50）A.using home-made goodsB.wearing clothes made of natural materialsC.walking on carpetsD.cleaning computer screens(3).A high negative ion count is likely to be found _.（分数：1.50）A.near a parking lotB.close to a slow-flowing

41、riverC.in some barren mountainsD.by a rotating water sprinkler(4).What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?（分数：1.50）A.IonisersB.Air-conditionersC.Exhaust-fansD.Vacuum pumps(5).According to the passage, some scientists believe that _.（分数：1.50）A.watching animals to anticipate earthquake

42、s is more effective than depending on seismographyB.the unusual behavior of animals cannot be explainedC.neither watching nor using seismographs is reliableD.earthquake cannot be predicted七、Part Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.He is the author of this novel with high _ in the country.（分数：0.50）A.coheren

43、ceB.prestigeC.consequenceD.commitment2.While typing, Kathy had a habit of stopping _ to give her long and flowing hair a smooth.（分数：0.50）A.promptlyB.simultaneouslyC.eventuallyD.occasionally3.We _ that he cannot finish the work before June 15.（分数：0.50）A.prosecuteB.meddleC.presumeD.mingle4.As for love

44、 of children, this love is _ expressed through supplying material comforts, amusements, and educational opportunities.（分数：0.50）A.increasinglyB.tolerablyC.dynamicallyD.obediently5.It is necessary for the valuable species to _ itself in order to stay in existence.（分数：0.50）A.inferB.propagateC.injectD.j

45、erk6.While admiring that this forecast was _ uncertain, the scientists warned against treating it as a cry of wolf.（分数：0.50）A.anyhowB.somewhereC.somewhatD.anyway7.The Supreme Court _ the judgment of the lower court.（分数：0.50）A.amplifiedB.affirmedC.ascendedD.applauded8.It is difficult to _ this goal i

46、f you work hard continuously.（分数：0.50）A.attribute toB.auditC.bareD.attain9.The English language contains a (an) _ of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.（分数：0.50）A.altitudeB.latitudeC.multitudeD.attitude10.Many reported that the general military message they received w

47、as that, as nurses, they were expected to be _ strong.（分数：0.50）A.empiricallyB.eminentlyC.emulouslyD.emotionally11.More than two hundred years ago the United States _ from the British Empire and became all independent country.（分数：0.50）A.got offB.pulled downC.broke awayD.drop off12.Recently a number o

48、f cases have been reported of young children _ a violent act previously seen on television.（分数：0.50）A.modifyingB.duplicatingC.acceleratingD.stimulating13.We are writing to the manager _ the repairs recently carried out at the above address.（分数：0.50）A.with the exception ofB.with the purpose ofC.with

49、reference toD.with a view to14.Although most dreams apparently happen _, dream activity may be provoked by external influences.（分数：0.50）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.homogeneouslyD.instantaneously15.We _ a figure of a man clinging to the mast of the ship.（分数：0.50）A.discernedB.dispatchedC.dissipatedD.diminished16.Enthusiasts from around the world _ on Le Marts for the annual car race.（分数：0.50）A.coverageB.idiotC.consumeD.con