微生物学考研笔记.pdf

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2、H2 H2S Fe2+ NH3 NO2-CO24redox potentialV mV, ( ) () ( ), ,.ATPATP H-1 NO3-2ATPATPCO2CH2OH ATPH ATP0.5 ?m75% bacteriorhodopsin- rhodpsinretinalATPATP+ + E. coli + + + + + + ATPATP123 ,4colony forming unitsCFUThe most probable number method1 23 4162 RNA rRNA ATP31231 2 341 23 4-b- D- D-1 21 60 5-10 28

3、02 3 121 151939 Max Delbruck & Emory Ellis E. coli / bacteriopage1 23 451 231 gpcII gpcro gpcIII gpcII2 gpcII cI3 cI3 gpcro cI4 gpcro cI5 cI6 cI10-510 - 27 DNARecA cI810-6-10-9genome11 DNA 23operon4 rRNA5 .( )2113.5106bp 16DNA (H2A H2B H3H4) (chromatin) 14bp DNADNA (centromere) (telomere)235-10%4a D

4、NAbDNAcdBacteriocin production plasmidprocessingE. coli colicins ColB. subtilis subtilisincol colicinscolicinscolicinscolicinsColicin E2 DNA DNAcolicin E3 16SrRNAG+ colicinsNisinA G+Ames95% 90%Ames Ames(his-)DNA1) DNA .2) DNAabortive transduction DNADNA3) 3 , 2.gal biogal bio DNA-DNADNADNA1 DNA DNA2

5、12a5000 10000b(competence specific protein)(autolysin) DNA DNAc DNADNAd DNA DNA1 DNADNA DNA2 DNA DNADNA DNADNAi ii-3 DNA(transfection) DNADNA123DNAT4 E.coli DNA DNAT4 DNA DNADNADNA1DNA DNA23 5 7kb DNA45kb5 kb30 kbM13 ssDNA 6407bp1 F+ Hfr2 (RF) dsDNA ssDNAM13 M13 DNA300 400bp DNA DNADNA DNAphage disp

6、lay1 23 45. 61) 23)45123 6004 GH2Swater bloomred tides1 pH231 2(1)(2)(3)1 2 3 4 5 610%1%CARL WOESE 1977rRNA 16s 18seubacteria16s rRNA DNA 16s rRNA PCR16s rRNApopulationcommunityecosystemsbiosphere123-1 1 2 2parasite host1 2 3.4GnotobiotepH1 2 3(Pathogenic microorganism) ( )(pathogen)(infection)(immu

7、nity)1. ( )( )2. 1. (opportunistic pathogen)2. 1 (invasiveness)1Streptococcus mutantsLactobacillus pH4.5VibrioShigella ddysenteriaeStreptococcus haemolyticus23bc d(LPS)* *1mg 2 2000 100%1mg 100 1mg10001231.1232.1231RNATTB B2TB3T16 S r RNAametazoa 1/5bcdeDNA1. DNA (G+Cmol%)DNAG+C (G+Cmol%) DNA1 GC% GC%25-75%2 GC%3G+CG+C G+CG+CG+C 4 5% 10 15%G+CG+C 5%15%G+CG+C