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1、2014 Passenger Car Yearbook From the Editors of Automotive Engineering International 2014 Passenger Car YearbookOther SAE books of interest: 2013 Passenger Car Yearbook From the editors of Automotive Engineering International (Product Code: ET-001) Concept Car Year in Review: 2013 From the editors o

2、f Automotive Engineering International (Product Code: ET-003) We Were The Ramchargers By David Rockwell (Product Code: R-384) For more information or to order a book, contact SAE International at 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, USA; phone 877-606-7323 (U.S. and Canada only) or 724

3、-776-4970 (outside U.S. and Canada); fax 724-776-0790; email CustomerServicesae.org; website http:/ /books.sae.org.2014 Passenger Car Yearbook From the Editors of Automotive Engineering International Warrendale, Pennsylvania USA Copyright 2014 SAE International. eISBN: 978-0-7680-8095-7Copyright 201

4、4 SAE International. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of SAE International. For permission and licensing requests, contact SAE Permissions, 4

5、00 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA; e-mail: copyrightsae.org; phone: 724-772-4028; fax: 724-772-9765. ISBN 978-0-7680-8092-6 Library of Congress Catalog Number 2013918110 SAE Order Number ET-002 DOI 10.4271/ET-002 Information contained in this work has been obtained by SAE Internat

6、ional from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SAE International nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither SAE International nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of thi

7、s information. This work is published with the understanding that SAE International and its authors are supplying information, but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. T

8、o purchase bulk quantities, please contact: SAE Customer Service E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Visit the SAE International Bookstore at books.sae.org 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA E-mail:

9、 CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790Table of Contents Preface vii Acura MDX 1 2014 MDX re-engineered to pass IIHS test, reduce NVH. 1 New Acura MDX boosts fuel economy, is larger, lighter, has fewer buttons . 4 One HVAC syste

10、m covers three zones on 2014 Acura MDX . 6 Acura NSX . 9 Inside the latest iteration of Acuras NSX Concept 9 Acura RLX .10 Acura shows new agship concept 10 Alfa Romeo 4c 12 4Cs show future of Alfa Romeo 12 BMW i3 14 BMWs 2014 i3 bets big on the electried future . 14 BMW i3, the inside story: what i

11、ts made of, how its made 18 BMW and Boeing to collaborate on carbon-ber materials .21 Cutting costs of carbon composites .22 Cadillac CTS . 26 2014 Cadillac CTS stretches into D-segment . 26 Aisin leads GM into 8-speed territory with 2014 automatic . 29 GMs new twin-turbo V6 boasts BMW-beating outpu

12、t, brilliant packaging 30 Cadillac XTS 33 Engineering the 2014 Cadillac XTS Vsport for 410-hp twin-turbo V6 .33 Cadillac ELR . 36 Big Picture: Cadillac ELR 36 Chevrolet Camaro Z/28 . 39 Potent 2014 Camaro Z/28 engineered for track-day heroics . 39 Chevrolet Corvette 41 2014 Corvette: 460 hp, 30 mpg,

13、 1 g, $52,000 41 All-aluminum frame of GMs 2014 Corvette saves 99 lb 45 Ductile iron/gray iron rotor from Sanluis Rassini debuts on new Corvette . 48 Carbon ber, new aluminum structure lighten 2014 Corvette Stingray 49 Gesture recognition gets a thumbs up 52 GM intros rst smart materials app on 2014

14、 Corvette .53 Chevrolet Cruze 54 2014 Chevrolet Cruze diesel debuts in Chicago 54 Chevrolet Impala 56 2014 Impala: Slick outside, big inside 56 Chevy oers two MyLink systems 59 Chevrolet Spark EV . 61 2014 Spark EV pioneers dc quick charging with new SAE Combo Connector .61 Chevrolet SS . 64 2014 Ch

15、evrolet SS brings winning dose of V8 rear-drive muscle . 64 Ferrari LaFerrari 66 LaFerrari replaces Enzo as Ferraris top model 66 Big Picture: Ferrari LaFerrari 67 Fiat 500e . 70 Fiat and Chrysler unveil 2014 battery-electric 500e . 70 Fiat 500L . 73 Fiats 2014 500L brings glassy style to the North

16、American MPV market 73 GMC Sierra . 75 Upgraded 2014 GM pickups underwhelm competitors 75 New interior for 2014 full-size GM trucks 78 v vi 2014 Passenger Car Yearbook Honda Accord 80 Honda exes new powertrain muscle 80 Inniti Q50 . 85 Innitis new Q50 oered as V6 or hybrid . 85 Jaguar F-Type . 87 20

17、14 Jaguar F-Type is calibrated for sonic delight 87 Jeep Cherokee 89 Jeep Cherokee relaunched on Fiat-Chrysler Compact U.S.-Wide platform . 89 Kia Cadenza 91 Kia moves upscale with 2014 Cadenza . 91 Kia Forte 93 NVH among major improvements in redesigned, feature-rich Kia Forte . 93 Kia Soul 96 Kias

18、 urban tall wagon gets more urbane 96 Land Rover Range Rover Sport 99 New Range Rover joined by Sport . 99 Range Rover Sport switches to aluminum Premium Lightweight Architecture101 Lexus IS .103 2014 Lexus IS grows to better compete with BMW 3 Series .103 Mazda Mazda3 105 New driver assistance segm

19、ent rsts for 2014 Mazda3 105 Mercedes-Benz B-Class 108 Mercedes extends electric range .108 Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class 110 Mercedes new CLA trims Cd to record 0.22 110 2014 CLA45 AMG gets 355-hp 2.0-L engine 113 Mercedes readies new 4Matic for transverse fwd architecture . 115 Mercedes-Benz E-Class 117

20、 Driver assistance expands on 2014 E-Class 117 Mercedes-Benz GLA-Class.119 Mercedes unveils production compact cr osso v er . 119 Mercedes-Benz S-Class 121 Mercedes anticipates the future with new S-Class . 121 Big Picture: Mercedes-Benz S-Class .126 Nissan Rogue 129 2014 Rogue is rst Nissan to use

21、Nissan-Renault platform129 Opel/Vauxhall Adam . 132 GMs new 1.0-L turbocharged triple aims for benchmark NVH . 132 Porsche 918 134 Porsches electrifying performance focus 134 Big Picture: Porsche 918 Spyder .136 Ram 1500/HD .139 Chrysler aims for rst 30-mpg full-size pickup with 2014 Ram 1500 EcoDie

22、sel 139 2014 Ram HD trucks get 6.4-L Hemi, chassis upgrades . 141 New heavy-duty Ram trucks feature Cummins diesel upgrades .144 SRT Viper 147 New Viper has enhanced interior and added feature content 147 Subaru Forester .150 2014 Subaru Forester includes direct-injection turbo 150 Subaru XV Crosstr

23、ek . 152 Subaru introduces a dierent kind of hybrid 152 Toyota Corolla 154 Longer, lower, wider, more aero, and stylish Corolla unveiled .154 Toyota engineers put a shine into the 2014 Corolla . 157 Toyota Highlander .160 Toyota reveals forthcoming Highlander with increased rear room 160 Toyota Tund

24、ra161 Toyota Tundra gets rst major redesign since 2007 161 Volkswagen Golf/GTI.163 First MQB-based car for U.S. is 2015 VW GTI163 VW and BASF develop all-plastic front-end carrier for new Golf 166 Volkswagen XL1 .168 Hyper-ecient VW XL1 drives to pr oduction . 168vii Preface Each year, carmakers rel

25、ease new models with increasingly advanced technology intended to attract consumer interest and satisfy increasingly stringent government regulations. Some of these technologies are rsts- of-their-kind or leading-edge, and start trends that more companies soon followwith the innovations becoming ado

26、pted across the board. In this book, we explore the technologies from an OEM and supplier perspective of the new production vehicle models released for the 2014 model year. This 2014 Passenger Car Yearbook is the second in a series of books that provide snapshots of the direction of the automotive i

27、ndustry. Each year, the editors of Automotive Engineering International publish many articles focused on the technology and engineering innovations of new cars, and these articles have been collected for the first time into this volume as a yearbook. Readers will have, in one publication, a complete

28、 overview of the key advances that took place over the course of one model year. Each car manufacturer has its own chapter in which its new mod- els are explored in depth. With each new edition of the Passenger Car Yearbook series, we capture the trends and the innovations that make the automotive i

29、ndustry fascinating to the engineer and the customer.1 2014 Passenger Car Yearbook Acura MDX The 2014 Acura MDX is 2.0 in (51 mm) longer, but 275 lb (125 kg) lighter, than its predecessor. A front-drive model is newly available. 2014 MDX re-engineered to pass IIHS test, reduce NVH The competitive ma

30、rketplace would be enough of a reason for the 2014 Acura MDX, the third genera- tion of the seven-passenger crossover, to be built on a new platform. But the U.S. engineering team for the Honda luxury model had a wide range of engi- neering objectives, led by the commitment to meet the small overlap

31、 barrier crash test of the IIHS (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety). Although the MDX first was revealed in March at the New Y ork Auto Show (http:/www.sae.org/mags/ aei/11962), it is just going into production at the Lincoln, AL, plant and will be on sale in July. All other Acura models introd

32、uced in the past year have passed the test, but the MDXthe largest and heaviest vehicle in the lineup, with much more crash energy to safely dispersewas a greater challenge. It required going beyond just a later variant of the Honda light-truck platform and also dictated a new edition of Hondas ACE

33、(Advanced Compatibility Engineering) approach to crash management. Stiffener ring for door frame On the MDX, the ACE structure includes an inno- vative “stiffener ring” at the front door frame to accept and help diffuse the small overlap test energy of a 40-mph (64-km/h) impact with a rigid barrier,

34、 such as a utility pole, by just 25% of the drivers side frontal area. The front bumper beam is tied into each side rail and each body side, which includes the stiffener ring of the door frame and A-pillar so that the energy of Bumper beam ties into side frame rail and body side structure (red), lea

35、ding into front door stiffener ring (yellow). 2 2014 Passenger Car Yearbook Acura MDX the small overlap impact is distributed through both rail and body side. The stiffener ring consists of four separate high-strength-steel parts, using tailor-welding of thicker blanks where needed. Then the assembl

36、ed parts are placed in an oven heated to 940C (1725F), where they are formed and quenched in the hot-stamping process, to pro- duce the ring. In addition to the energy management of the front-end and body-side design, the front wheels also participate. They are aluminum and, unlike steel wheels that

37、 would maintain approximate shape and be pushed back into the cabin, they sim- ply collapse on the impact. Mark Pafumi, Chief Engineer, Honda R&D Americas, said its small overlap test results were so good, the front doors still could be opened. As a result, Honda has full confidence the MDX will get

38、 a top rating. In a head-on collision (full frontal), the crash energy is transferred from the bumper beam into Y-branched rails at each side and a center Y that flares into each of them and also goes down the center of the underbody. The MDX, at 193.6 in (4917 mm) overall, is 2.0 in (51 mm) longer

39、than its predecessor. But even with the new ACE structure for the safety enhance- ments, weight reduction was possible. The 2014 Super-Handling All Wheel Drive model has a mass range of 4255-4332 lb (1930-1965 kg), an average of 275 lb (125 kg) less than the 2013 model. The body, thanks to a 55% hig

40、h-strength-steel content, contributes 123 lb (56 kg) to the reduction. Seats are 44 lb (20 kg) lighter, front and rear sub- frames and rear suspension combine to chip in with a 41-lb (18.6-kg) saving, and the aluminum steering hanger beam was replaced by magnesium for a 7.5-lb (3.4-kg) drop. There i

41、s also a front-drive-only edition of the MDX, to be marketed in southern, Side view shows how body structure, including stiffer wheelhouse (red), ties into new front pillar and door stiffener ring (yellow). The body pans Y-shaped rails at side and down the center (red) contribute to frontal crash ma

42、nagement. snow-free areas as a lower priced, more fuel-efficient alternative. It tips the scales at 4025-4103 lb (1826-1861 kg). NVH changes throughout Based on customer feedback, a major effort was made to lower NVH. The increase in body stiffness of the new platform itself certainly helped, but a

43、lot more was done. A rigorous study of body sealing led to a two-thirds reduction in air leakage paths through the body, noted Pafumi. The door openings were fitted with triple sealing, which compared with double-sealing further reduces the turbulence from air blowing in and exciting the volume of a

44、ir between doors and body, he added. In addition, 22 custom-designed structural foam inserts are clipped on, inside the pillars, and when the body is baked in the paint shop the foam expands to fill. This is more efficient than foam injection, Pafumi told AEI. Tire noise, he said, is a major issue,

45、and its both air and structure borne. Improved sealing of the wheelhouse openings helped, but engineered upgrades to stiffen the structure of the openings were even more important, Pafumi said. 3 2014 Passenger Car Yearbook Acura MDX All exterior glass, he said, contains a layer of PVB (polyvinyl bu

46、tyral) acoustic material, including the windows, and in addition, the glass panels are thicker. Active noise control is used, but the MDX also incorporates a number of components to reduce powertrain- and suspension-induced NVH, including 28-V vibration-canceling engine mounts for the new direct-inj

47、ection 3.5-L V6. The front suspension is on a lighter but more rigid subframe, and the shock absorbers have a triple-path mounting to better diffuse road surface inputs to the body. The steering shaft now is a single piece, providing a level of rigidity that raised the natural frequency of vibration

48、 into the body from 47 to 80 Hz, outside the sensing range. The damper coupling previously used was elimi- nated, as engineers found that the electric motor system provides a similar effect. Illustration shows IIHS small overlap crash into rigid barrier at 40 mph (64 km/h). The rear suspension also

49、makes a considerable contribution to reduced vibration into the body. The trailing arm with five mounting points per side was replaced by a multilink, with just three, but to locations that are 67% more rigid. Additionally, the subframe mounts locations are much stiffer, and at two points incorporate liquid-filled (glycol) bush- ings. The rear subframe also incorporates stays (metal brackets) in four locations to reduce axle “float” during s