SAE ARP 4404C-2013 Aircraft Electrical Installations《飞机电气设备》.pdf

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1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref

2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2013 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this pub

3、lication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970

4、(outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP4404CAEROSPACERECOMMENDED PRACTICEARP4404 REV. CIssued 1992-03 Revised 2013-11 Su

5、perseding ARP4404B Aircraft Electrical Installations RATIONALEImprove conductor voltage drop values by including an estimated conductor temperature formula to 9.3.4.2.FOREWORDThe acceptability of the electric wiring system for a transport aircraft depends to a large degree on the consideration, in t

6、he preliminary design stages, given to such factors as electrical load analysis, generating equipment characteristics, location of centers of load distribution, and general wire routing. Good detail electrical design, including proper equipment and wire selection and installation, coupled with the p

7、roper evaluation of the reliability of circuitry to be used, are necessary steps in assuring a good system. In general, the material in this document applies specifically to 28 V DC and 115/200 V AC electric systems. It is recognized that detail design considerations must vary with each type of airc

8、raft. With the development of improved techniques, there will be differences within given types. Therefore, this document has been prepared on the basis of a general guide, and no attempt has been made to cover exact details of installation. It is believed that this method of presentation will allow

9、 the designers maximum opportunity to exercise their best judgment and ingenuity to make the system in their aircraft as simple, safe, and reliable as possible. The various phases of transport aircraft electrical design, as related to reliability of operation and reduction of hazards, are set forth

10、on the following pages. These factors should be considered throughout the design stages from preliminary design to the completed aircraft. It is felt that the application of the principles in this guide will provide a safe and satisfactory electric system installation for transport type aircraft. SA

11、E INTERNATIONAL ARP4404C Page 2 of 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 92. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 92.1 SAE Publications . 92.2 Military Publications 102.3 Other Documents 113. CIRCUIT PROTECTION . 123.1 Definitions, Principles, and General Recommendations 123.1.1 Circuit Protectors. 123.1.2 Scope of Protec

12、tion . 123.1.3 Equipment Protection 123.1.4 Dual Protection 123.2 Circuit Breakers. 133.2.1 Definitions, Principles, and General Recommendations 133.2.2 Interrupting Capacity of Circuit Breakers 143.2.3 Trip-Free Circuit Breakers . 143.2.4 Non-Trip-Free Circuit Breakers . 153.2.5 Automatic Reset Cir

13、cuit Breakers . 153.2.6 Remote Circuit Breakers . 153.2.7 Magnetic Circuit Breakers. 163.2.8 High Voltage Applications of Circuit Breakers 163.2.9 Multiple-Pole Circuit Breakers . 163.3 Fuses 173.3.1 Definitions, Principles, and General Recommendations 173.3.2 Application of Fuses 183.3.3 Fuse Speci

14、fications and Designations 183.3.4 Fuse Types . 183.3.5 Fuse Materials . 183.3.6 Connections for Fuses 193.3.7 Fuse Time-Current Characteristics . 193.4 Limiters 193.4.1 Definitions, Principles, and General Recommendations 193.4.2 Types of Limiters . 213.4.3 Limiter Time-Current Characteristics 223.

15、5 Aircraft Wire and Circuit Protector Coordination . 223.6 Power System Protection 243.6.1 Definitions, Principles, and General Recommendations 243.6.2 Generation System Protection 273.6.3 Conversion System Protection 283.6.4 Distribution System Protection 293.6.5 Utilization System Protection 303.6

16、.6 External Power Circuit Protection . 304. FAIL-SAFE FEATURES IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 304.1 General Probability Consideration for Failure Analysis 304.1.1 Wiring Failures 304.1.2 Equipment Failures . 304.1.3 Design Considerations 314.2 Definitions, Principles, and General Recommendations 314.2.1 Defin

17、ition . 324.2.2 Circuit Analysis 324.3 Fire Detection Circuits . 324.3.1 Integrity of Fire Detector Circuits 324.3.2 Selection of Components for Fire Detector Circuits . 324.3.3 Shorted or Open Wire Effects on Fire Detector Circuits . 324.3.4 Coordination and Interconnection of Fire Detector Circuit

18、s 32SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4404C Page 3 of 111 4.4 Propeller Circuits . 334.4.1 Interconnection of Propeller Control Circuits 334.4.2 Failure of Propeller Control Circuits 334.5 Thermal Anti-Icing and Deicing Circuits 334.5.1 Overheat Control in Thermal Anti-Icing and Deicing Circuits . 334.5.2 Symmet

19、rical Anti-Icing and Deicing Control . 334.6 Fire Extinguishing Control Circuits 334.6.1 Selection and Protection of Fire Extinguishing Control Components. 334.6.2 Circuit Connection for Fire Extinguishing Control Components . 334.7 Fluid Shutoff Valve Circuits . 344.7.1 Selection of Fluid Shutoff V

20、alves 344.7.2 Engine Oil Valve Control . 344.8 Other Circuits 344.8.1 Circuits Recommended for Fail-Safe Consideration 345. CIRCUITS FOR ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT . 355.1 Definitions and General Principles 355.1.1 Essential Circuits. 355.1.2 Emergency Circuits . 355.2 Dual Power Sources . 355.2.1 Selectio

21、n of Alternate Power Supplies 355.2.2 Types of Self-Contained Emergency Power Supplies 355.2.3 Use of Main Engines . 365.3 Electrical Isolation . 365.3.1 Individual Circuit Protection for Essential Circuits 365.3.2 Emergency Circuit Power Sources . 365.4 Types of Circuit Protection 365.4.1 Protectio

22、n for Essential Circuits 365.5 Sequence Operation . 365.5.1 Sequence Operation of Relays and Switches 365.6 Special Consideration in Wire Routing . 365.6.1 Wire Routing . 365.7 Special Considerations in Fire Areas 375.7.1 Fire Wall and Fire Seal Connections 375.7.2 Fire Detector Circuits 375.7.3 Fai

23、rleads on Fire Walls . 375.7.4 Dielectric Materials 375.7.5 Electric Equipment 375.8 Flight Instruments 375.8.1 Multipower Sources for Flight Instruments . 376. MULTI-ENGINE RELIABILITY 386.1 General Principles and Recommendations 386.2 Power Source (Generators) 386.2.1 Low Engine Revolutions Per Mi

24、nute Operation of Generators . 386.2.2 Capacity of Generators . 386.3 Separate Routing of Wiring . 386.3.1 Instrument Wire Routing . 386.3.2 Generator Feeder and Control Wiring 387. CONNECTORS AND OTHER TERMINATIONS 397.1 General Recommendation 397.2 Studs and Insulators . 397.2.1 Current Carrying S

25、tud Resistance 397.2.2 Size of Studs . 397.2.3 Support for Studs 397.2.4 Support of Wire at Studs . 397.2.5 Feed-Through Insulator and Stud Design . 397.3 Electrical Connectors 397.3.1 General . 39SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4404C Page 4 of 111 7.3.2 Design Objective . 397.3.3 Selection . 407.3.4 Connector

26、 Types . 407.3.5 Voltage and Current Rating 417.3.6 Spare Contacts . 417.3.7 Redundancy 417.3.8 Adjacent Locations 417.3.9 Sealing 417.3.10 Drainage 417.3.11 Wire Support . 427.3.12 Slack . 427.3.13 Identification 427.3.14 Installation . 427.4 Feed-Through Bulkhead Wire Protection . 427.4.1 Feed-Thr

27、ough Bushings for Wire Bundles 427.4.2 Wire Clamps 428. GROUNDING AND BONDING . 428.1 General and Definitions 428.1.1 Bonding (Definition) 428.1.2 Grounding (Definition) . 438.2 Grounding . 438.2.1 Current Return Paths 438.3 Bonding . 448.3.1 Equipment Bonding . 448.3.2 Metallic Surface Bonding 448.

28、3.3 Parts to be Bonded . 448.3.4 Electric Shock Prevention Bonding . 448.3.5 Lightning Discharge Systems for Antenna 448.3.6 Static Discharge Devices 448.3.7 Lightning Protection Bonding 459. WIRE SELECTION AND ROUTING . 459.1 General . 459.2 Wire Type Selection 459.2.1 Abrasion Resistance of Wire I

29、nsulation 459.2.2 Effects of Fluids on Wire Insulation. 469.2.3 Effects of Aging on Wire Insulation . 469.2.4 Heat Resistance of Wire Insulation . 469.2.5 Flame Resistance of Wire Insulation 469.3 Wire Size Selection . 469.3.1 Current Carrying Capacity of Copper Wires . 479.3.2 Aluminum Wire Selecti

30、on 479.3.3 Protective Devices for Wires . 479.3.4 Voltage Drop in Wires . 479.3.5 Mechanical Strength of Wires . 519.4 Wire Routing . 519.4.1 Clearance Provisions Between Electric Wires and Other Units . 519.4.2 Wires in Conduit 529.4.3 Shielded Cable Routing 529.4.4 Voltage Sensitive Circuit Routin

31、g 529.4.5 Ignition Ground Leads Routing . 529.4.6 Essential Engine Circuits Routing . 529.4.7 Drip Loops in Wire Bundles 529.4.8 Size of Bundle . 529.5 Wire Splices and Terminals 539.5.1 Installation and Support of Wire Splices . 539.5.2 Wire Terminals 539.5.3 Terminal Strips 53SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP

32、4404C Page 5 of 111 9.6 Coaxial Cable 539.6.1 Connectors for Coaxial Cables . 539.6.2 Bend Radius for Coaxial Cable . 5410. ALUMINUM WIRE AND CONNECTIONS 5410.1 General . 5410.2 Wire Inspection . 5410.2.1 Wire Properties . 5410.2.2 Wire and Lug Assembly Inspection 5410.3 Stud Connections 5510.3.1 Us

33、e of Washers. 5510.3.2 Dissimilar Materials in Contact 5510.3.3 Use of Joint Compound 5510.4 Installation Requirements (See also Section 9) 5510.4.1 Routing and Supporting 5510.4.2 Recommended Gages 5511. WIRE AND CABLE IDENTIFICATION 5511.1 General . 5511.2 Type of Circuit . 5611.2.1 High Voltage C

34、ircuits 5611.2.2 Types of Current Identification 5611.3 Individual Wire and Cable Identification 5612. MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT (SEE ALSO SECTION 15) . 5612.1 General . 5612.2 Design for Accessibility . 5612.2.1 Circuit Protector Accessibility 5612.2.2 Relay Accessibility 5612.2.3 Connector

35、 Accessibility . 5612.3 Equipment Identification 5712.3.1 Types and Location of Placards 5712.3.2 Circuit Breaker Rating Identification . 5713. OPERATION AND INSPECTION OF ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT 5713.1 General . 5713.2 Installation Design for Operation and Inspection 5713.2.1 Functional Test and Operati

36、on Check 5713.2.2 Visual Inspection . 5713.2.3 Operation Check of Standby or Emergency Equipment . 5713.2.4 Functional Check and Exercise of Rotating Equipment in Stores 5814. PROVISIONS FOR ADDITIONAL ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT . 5814.1 General . 5814.2 Power Requirements Expansion Provisions . 5814.2.1 Se

37、lection of Generators 5814.3 Circuit Breaker and Fuse Panels 5814.3.1 Provisions for Adding Circuit Breakers and Fuses . 5814.4 Switch Panels 5814.4.1 Provisions for Adding Switches . 5814.5 Relay Boxes 5814.5.1 Provisions for Adding Relays 5814.6 Wiring and Termination Expansion . 5814.6.1 Provisio

38、ns for Added Wiring 5814.6.2 Terminal Strip and Terminal Junction Expansion . 5915. EQUIPMENT SELECTION AND INSTALLATION 5915.1 General . 5915.2 Selection Considerations 5915.2.1 Check-Off List for Equipment 5915.2.2 Environmental Conditions . 59SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4404C Page 6 of 111 15.2.3 Test D

39、ata Substantiation for Equipment Selection . 5915.2.4 Control of Electromagnetic Interference . 5915.2.5 Insulation Test on Equipment . 5915.2.6 Vibration and Shock Resistance of Equipment. 6015.2.7 Materials Used in Equipment 6015.2.8 Finishes for Equipment . 6015.2.9 Dissimilar Materials in Equipm

40、ent . 6015.2.10 Wire Terminals and Binding Posts on Equipment 6115.2.11 Lock Washers for Terminals on Equipment 6115.3 Equipment Selection . 6115.3.1 Batteries 6115.3.2 Relay and Switch Selection 6215.3.3 Switch Selection 6215.3.4 Switch Installation . 6515.3.5 Relays . 6615.3.6 Rotating Equipment S

41、election . 6615.3.7 Transformer Selection . 6715.3.8 Resistor and Rheostat Selection 6715.4 Installation of Equipment . 6715.4.1 Clearance Provisions in Equipment Installations 6715.4.2 Equipment Manufacturers Recommendations on Installation . 6715.4.3 Duplicate Equipment Installation . 6815.4.4 Mec

42、hanical Shock Prevention and Moisture Proofing of Equipment 6815.4.5 Vapor and Dust Areas . 6815.4.6 Smoke Hazards. 6815.4.7 Grounding of Electric Equipment 6815.4.8 Ventilation of Electric Equipment 6915.5 Turbine Engine Starter 6915.5.1 Battery Capacity 6915.5.2 Cable Capacity 6915.5.3 System Sizi

43、ng . 6915.5.4 Air Restart Capability 6916. CORROSION PREVENTION IN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT . 6916.1 General . 6916.2 Condensation 6916.2.1 Drain Hole Sizes and Locations 6916.3 Corrosion Inhibiting Compounds 7016.3.1 Inhibitor Application . 7016.4 Installation for Drainage 7016.4.1 Equipment in Splash

44、Areas . 7016.5 Battery Electrolyte . 7016.5.1 Surfaces Adjacent to Batteries 7016.5.2 Equipment Adjacent to Batteries . 7016.5.3 Battery Venting 7016.6 Potted and Environment Resisting Connectors (See Section 7 and AS50881) . 7016.6.1 Types of Connectors . 7016.6.2 Potted Connectors 7016.6.3 Environ

45、ment-Resisting Connectors 7117. SYSTEM LOAD DISTRIBUTION (SEE ALSO SECTIONS 200 AND 300 OFAIEE REPORT 750 AND 3.6 OF THIS DOCUMENT) 7117.1 General . 7117.2 Parallel System Central Bus (See also Section 340 of AIEE Report 750) . 7117.2.1 Shock Load Provisions . 7117.2.2 Load Transfer Provisions for P

46、arallel Systems . 7117.2.3 Protection Provisions 7117.3 Parallel System Divided Bus . 7217.3.1 Shock Load Provisions . 7217.3.2 Load Transfer Provisions 7217.3.3 System Protection . 72SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4404C Page 7 of 111 17.4 Nonparallel Systems (See also Section 340 of AIEE Report 750) . 7217.4

47、.1 Single Load Limitations for Nonparallel Systems . 7217.4.2 Load Switching 7217.4.3 System Protection . 7217.5 Load Transfer Provisions for Emergency Loads 7217.6 Load Reducing or Monitoring 7217.6.1 Automatic Monitoring 7217.6.2 Manual Monitoring. 7317.7 Acceptable Means of Controlling or Monitor

48、ing the Electrical Load . 7318. ELECTRIC SYSTEM TESTS (SEE ALSO MIL-M-25500 USAF) . 7418.1 General . 7418.1.1 Electric System Mock-Up 7418.1.2 Extent of Testing . 7418.1.3 Environmental Conditions for Tests 7418.1.4 Confirmation of Mock-Up Tests 7418.2 Power and Distribution System . 7418.2.1 Test C

49、onditions for Power and Distribution Systems . 7418.2.2 Type of Tests for Power and Distribution Systems . 7518.2.3 Secondary Electric Power Systems and Supplies 7718.3 Tests of Other Electric Systems 7718.3.1 Systems to be Tested . 7718.3.2 Systems Using More Than One Power Source 7719. EMERGENCY CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES 7719.1 Controls for Emergency Operation . 7719.1.1 Emergency Electrical Controls 7819.1.2 Electric System Control Panel 78