NSF P151-2014 Health Effects from Rainwater Catchment System Components.pdf

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1、 The Public Health and Safety Company. TM NSF INTERNATIONAL Protocol P151 2014 Health Effects from Rainwater Catchment System Components NSF International, an independent, not-for-profit, non-governmental organization, is dedicated to being the leading global provider of public health and safety-bas

2、ed risk management solutions while serving the interests of all stakeholders. NSF International developed this Protocol for all manufacturers wishing to obtain this voluntary certification with NSF International. Manufacturers and re-sellers/retailers may use this Protocol only for their internal pu

3、rposes in connection with the certification process of and by NSF International. The Protocol may not be used by others to certify or evaluate compliance with this Protocol, and this Protocol and its content may not be reproduced, disseminated, published, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted

4、 in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise), except with the express, written permission of NSF International. All rights reserved by NSF International. This Protocol is subject to revision. Contact NSF to confirm this revision is current. U

5、sers of this Protocol may request clarifications and interpretations, or propose revisions by contacting: NSF International 789 Dixboro Road, P.O. Box 130140 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48113-0140 Phone: (734) 769-8010 Telex: 753215 NSF INTL FAX: (734) 769-0109 E-mail: infonsf.org Web: http:/www.nsf.org i N

6、SF Protocol P151 Health Effects from Rainwater Catchment System Components Protocol Developer NSF International ii Publish Date: August 1, 1995 Revised Date(s): April 28, 2014 Published by NSF International PO Box 130140, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48113-0140, USA For ordering copies or for making inquirie

7、s with regard to this Protocol, please reference the protocol title. Copyright 2014 by NSF International. All rights reserved. Without the written permission of NSF, it is strictly prohibited to use this designation in whole or in part, to indicate conformance with this Protocol through the marking

8、of products or packaging, or by any other means. Printed in the United States of America. iii Objectives and Disclaimers The objective of this Protocol is to set forth basic requirements for standardizing verification of manufacturer performance claims, label/packaging claims, and for evaluating mat

9、erial composition and construction. This protocol is not a guarantee or warranty of the quality or fitness of the product. NSF International does not assume, displace, or undertake to discharge any obligations or responsibilities of the manufacturer or any other party, including but not limited to t

10、hose responsibilities and obligations arising from the other certifications or standards incorporated into this Protocol. Under no circumstances shall NSF International be liable for direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, special, punitive or any other use of this protocol. This Protocol may b

11、e revised from time to time. Participation in NSF Protocol Development activities by regulatory agency representatives (federal, local, state) shall not constitute their agencys endorsement of NSF or any of its Protocol. NSFs Protocol Development is consensus driven, seeking input from all intereste

12、d parties. Use of this Protocol is strictly voluntary. This page is intentionally left blank. v Contents 1 General . 1 1.1 Purpose 1 1.2 Scope . 1 1.3 Limitations 1 2 Definitions 2 3 Material requirements 2 3.1 Published instructions . 2 3.2 Sample preparation 2 3.3 Testing . 2 4 Sample requirements

13、 . 2 4.1 Gutters . 2 4.2 Catchment surfaces, liners/lining or coating/paint 3 4.3 Washing . 3 5 Conditioning . 3 6 Material Evaluation. 3 6.1 Short term and high concentration contaminant exposure . 3 6.2 Long term and low level contaminant exposure . 3 7 Exposure waters 4 8 Testing exposure water 4

14、 8.1 Test parameters . 4 8.2 Formulation review for test parameter selection 4 8.3 Analysis Methods . 5 9 Normalization of laboratory data . 5 10 Evaluation of test data 6 10.1 Short term and high concentration exposure test data . 6 10.2 Long term and low level exposure test data 6 This page is int

15、entionally left blank. NSF P151-2014 1 NSF Protocol P151 Health Effects from Rainwater Catchment System Components 1 General 1.1 Purpose This NSF Protocol was developed to assess: the concentration of a contaminant extracted from surfaces and components exposed to rain, and whether the concentration

16、 of the contaminant(s) exceeded known drinking water maximum contaminant levels and/or health advisories. This protocol also is used as substantiation of the following NSF protocol certification: NSF Protocol P151 Health Effects from Rainwater Catchment System Components 1.2 Scope This testing proto

17、col covers gutters, barrier materials and/or catchment surfaces (coatings, paints, lining and liners) placed on roof tops and ground surfaces that come in direct contact with rainwater that is collected and used as drinking water. 1.3 Limitations The quality of the collected rainwater and its accept

18、ability for use as drinking water is the responsibility of the appropriate regulatory agency with authority. The health risk from extractable contaminants for which the U.S. EPA has not published health effects information is the responsibility of the manufacturer of the product. Health Effects from

19、 Rainwater Catchment System Components NSF P151-2014 2 2 Definitions The following are definitions of terms used in this document: 2.1 catchment surfaces: Barrier materials, placed on roof tops and other surfaces, that are exposed directly to rainfall and serve to collect rainwater for a drinking wa

20、ter cistern system. 2.2 coating/paint: A material applied with a direct bond to a sub-surface subject to direct/indirect contact with rainwater that is collected for a drinking water cistern system. 2.3 drinking water health advisory: A twice-a-year publication of the U.S. EPA, Office of Water, enti

21、tled Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories. 2.4 gutters: Products used to capture and convey rainwater run-off from catchment surfaces to drinking water cisterns. 2.5 liners/lining: Prefabricated materials applied, bonded or attached to a sub-surface that is subject to direct/indirect con

22、tact with rainwater that is collected for a drinking water cistern system. 2.6 maximum contaminant level (MCL): Maximum concentration of a contaminant allowed in a public drinking water supply as defined under the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act. 3 Material requirements 3.1 Published instructions Th

23、e manufacturers written (published) instructions shall specify end-use for the product. Instructions for field-applied products shall include appropriate preparation, application, and/or installation specifications. 3.2 Sample preparation When applicable, samples for testing shall be prepared in acc

24、ordance with the manufacturers written (published) instructions and under the supervision of the certifying agency. 3.3 Testing The samples for testing shall be evaluated following the procedures outlined in this protocol. Samples of exposure water shall be tested according to Section 8 of this prot

25、ocol. The laboratory results shall be normalized to reflect potential at-the-tap concentrations according to Section 9 and the normalized results shall meet the requirements of Section 10. 4 Sample requirements 4.1 Gutters Whenever practical, samples of the actual products shall be prepared for expo

26、sure testing. The size with the highest surface area to volume (typically the smallest diameter) should be evaluated. Successful evaluation of the highest surface area to volume ratio shall qualify all lower surface area to volume ratios. Health Effects from Rainwater Catchment System Components NSF

27、 P151-2014 3 4.2 Catchment surfaces, liners/lining or coating/paint Test samples shall be prepared such that, upon exposure, a minimum of 450 cm2/L (70 in2/L) surface area to volume ratio is achieved (6 inch by 14 inch size specimen is recommended). A coating or paint shall be applied to a glass or

28、metal slide in a manner consistent with the manufacturers written (published) instructions. A coating or paint requiring a reactive substrate (i.e. when glass is inappropriate) shall be applied to an appropriate alternate substrate. Wood materials may be used as a substrate only and are not acceptab

29、le in collecting rainwater. 4.3 Washing To remove any extraneous debris or contamination that occurred during shipping and handling, samples shall be rinsed with cold tap water prior to testing, followed by a rinse with reagent water meeting the requirements of Section 7, unless the manufacturers in

30、structions direct otherwise. 5 Conditioning Following washing and prior to exposure, products and materials shall be conditioned to simulate manufacturers recommended pre-use flushing and/or disinfection procedures. If the manufacturers written (published) instructions do not specify conditioning, s

31、amples shall be exposed immediately after washing. 6 Material Evaluation 6.1 Short term and high concentration contaminant exposure After conditioning as described in Section 5, a sample shall be exposed to the waters specified in Section 7 before accelerated outdoor weathering. 6.2 Long term and lo

32、w level contaminant exposure A Fresnell-reflecting concentrator shall be used to simulate accelerated outdoor weather for sample exposure. Samples shall be tested according to the applicable accelerated outdoor weathering procedure listed in Table 1. TABLE 1 ACCLERATED OUTDOOR WEATHERING PROCEDURES

33、Sample Type (Material or Composition) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Test Procedure Plastic ASTM D4364 Metals or Metallic Coatings (e.g. galvanized roofing) ASTM D4141 (Method C) Paint or Coating ASTM D4141 (Method C) All Others ASTM G90 - 1994 (Cycle #1) Samples shall be exposed

34、to ultraviolet radiation according to the schedule in Table 2. The last sample (#8) or any preceding sample may be tested to assess the long term drinking water health risk to low level contaminants. Health Effects from Rainwater Catchment System Components NSF P151-2014 4 TABLE 2 SAMPLE EXPOSURE SC

35、HEDULE Cumulative UV Radiation1 Sample Number 0 1 27 2 54 3 81 4 108 5 135 6 162 7 189 8 1 in megajoules per square meter (MJ/m2) UV radiation in the 300-385 nanometer wavelength region 7 Exposure waters Immediately after sample conditioning and/or accelerated outdoor weathering as directed by Secti

36、on 6, the appropriately sized samples shall be exposed in reagent water with no chlorine for 24 hours. The reagent water used for exposures shall be produced through one or more of the following treatment processes: distillation, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, or other equivalent treatment processes

37、. The reagent water shall have the following general water characteristics: electrical resistivity, minimum 18 M-cm at 25 C (77 F); and total organic carbon (TOC) maximum 100 g/L. For each specific analyte of interest, the reagent water shall not contain the target analyte at a concentration greater

38、 than half the designated analytical report limit of that analyte. 8 Testing exposure water 8.1 Test parameters All exposure waters may be tested for all contaminants regulated by the U.S. EPA or for which the EPA published a drinking water health advisory1 or contaminants shall be selected for test

39、ing based upon the results of a review of the formulation of the catchment surface or component. 8.2 Formulation review for test parameter selection The manufacturer of a rainwater catchment surface or component shall submit complete product formulation information for the product including method o

40、f manufacture. The following information shall 1 Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories (most recent edition). Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. Health Effects from Rainwater Catchment System Components NSF P151-2014 5 be provided for each constituent a

41、s applicable: Chemical Abstracts Registry Number, structural formula, molecular weight, and source. A list of known or suspected impurities or contaminants shall be provided and their concentrations in the product noted. 8.3 Analysis Methods Analyses for chemicals in exposure water shall be performe

42、d, except as other provided herein, in accordance with currently accepted U.S. EPA Methods (see 41 CFR Part 141 and Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA 600/4-79-020). When no EPA Method is provided, analyses may be performed in accordance with the most recent edition of Standard M

43、ethods for the Analysis of Water and Wastewater. If neither of these two references addresses the required parameters and matrix, or if an alternate method is desired, method validation must be completed prior to the application of the method. The reporting limit obtained from the method shall be no

44、 greater than one half the contaminant control level or Maximum Allowable Level (MAL) specified for the parameter. 9 Normalization of laboratory data The formula for normalizing laboratory data shall be as follows: Equation 1 - = ()Where NF = Normalization factor SAF = Surface area in the field SAL

45、= Surface area in the laboratory V L = Volume of extraction water in the laboratory V F flow = Volume of water the product is exposed to during a period of time equivalent to the laboratory test. For the purpose of this evaluation, the VF (static) shall be computed based on the following equation an

46、d assumptions: VF(flow) = Horizontal Precipitation Area x Precipitate Rate x Duration Where Horizontal Precipitation Area = SAF x CC For catchment surfaces: CC = 0.894 For gutters surfaces: CC = 10.7 Precipitation Rate = 0.2 in/h Duration = 24 hours NOTE 1 For catchment surfaces, the 0.89 catchment

47、correlation (CC) factor accounts for a roof pitch of 0.5:1 (i.e. 6 inch rise over a 12 inch run). The factor gutters is based on an assumption of collecting water from 12 foot wide roof with the same 0.5:1 pitch and with a wetted gutter arc profile of 6 inches. The gutter assumptions also include a

48、wetted surface area multiplier of 2 to account for the same material being used for downspouts. Health Effects from Rainwater Catchment System Components NSF P151-2014 6 NOTE 2 Precipitation rate of 0.2 in/h represents the median value for a “moderate” rain as defined by the American Meteorological

49、Society2. NOTE 3 By definition of the VF(flow) factor, the duration assumption is set to be equivalent to the time period of the test (24 h). Substituting these values into equation 1 and adding the unit conversion factor for liters per cubic volume, the following normalization equations are derived: For catchment surfaces: = 14.2 in2/L (91.6 cm2/L) For gutter surfaces: = 1.19 in2/L (7.68 cm2/L) The normalization factors above shall be used to normalize the concentration o