NEMA MS 2-2008 Determination of Two-Dimensional Geometric Distortion in Diagnostic Magnetic Resonance Images《诊断磁共振成像中的二维几何失真的测定》.pdf
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1、NEMA Standards PublicationNational Electrical Manufacturers AssociationNEMA MS 2-2008 (R2014)Determination of Two-DimensionalGeometric Distortion inDiagnostic MagneticResonance ImagesNEMA Standards Publication MS 2-2008 (R2014) Determination of Two-Dimensional Geometric Distortion in Diagnostic Magn
2、etic Resonance Images Published by: National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 900 Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 www.nema.org 2008 National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights, including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright
3、Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American copyright conventions. 2008 National Electrical Manufacturers Association NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the conse
4、nsus of persons engaged in the development and approval of the document at the time it was developed. Consensus does not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement among every person participating in the development of this document. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) s
5、tandards and guideline publications, of which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a voluntary consensus standards development process. This process brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered by this publication.
6、While NEMA administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not write the document and it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy or completeness of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its stan
7、dards and guideline publications. NEMA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, application, or reliance on this document
8、. NEMA disclaims and makes no guaranty or warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and disclaims and makes no warranty that the information in this document will fulfill any of your particular purposes or needs. NEMA does not undertake t
9、o guarantee the performance of any individual manufacturer or sellers products or services by virtue of this standard or guide. In publishing and making this document available, NEMA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is NEMA und
10、ertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Informat
11、ion and other standards on the topic covered by this publication may be available from other sources, which the user may wish to consult for additional views or information not covered by this publication. NEMA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of
12、this document. NEMA does not certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for safety or health purposes. Any certification or other statement of compliance with any health- or safety-related information in this document shall not be attributable to NEMA and is solely the responsibil
13、ity of the certifier or maker of the statement. MS 2-2008 (R2014) Page i 2008 National Electrical Manufacturers Association CONTENTS Page Preamble ii Foreword . iii Rationale . iv Scope v History . v Section 1 DEFINITIONS 1 1.1 Specification Volume . 1 1.2 Specification Area 1 Section 2 METHODS OF M
14、EASUREMENT . 2 2.1 Phantom Design 2 2.2 Scan Conditions 2 2.3 Measurement Procedure . 2 Example 1 3 Example 2 4 Example 3 5 Section 3 REPORTING OF RESULTS . 6 3.1 Reporting of Two-Dimensional Geometric Distortion 6 MS 2-2008 (R2014) Page ii 2008 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Preamble
15、 This is one of a series of test standards developed by the medical diagnostic imaging industry for the measurement of performance parameters governing image quality of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) systems. These test standards are intended for the use of equipment manufacturers, prospectiv
16、e purchasers, and users alike. Manufacturers are permitted to use these standards for the determination of system performance specifications. This standardization of performance specifications is of benefit to the prospective equipment purchaser, and the parameters supplied with each NEMA measuremen
17、t serve as a guide to those factors that can influence the measurement. These standards can also serve as reference procedures for acceptance testing and periodic quality assurance. It must be recognized, however, that not all test standards lend themselves to measurement at the installation site. S
18、ome test standards require instrumentation better suited to factory measurements, while others require the facilities of an instrumentation laboratory to assure stable test conditions necessary for reliable measurements. The NEMA test procedures are carried out using the normal clinical operating mo
19、de of the system. For example, standard calibration procedures, standard clinical sequences, and standard reconstruction processes shall be used. No modifications to alter test results shall be used unless otherwise specified in these standards. The NEMA Magnetic Resonance Section has identified a s
20、et of key magnetic resonance image quality parameters. This standards publication describes the measurement of one of these parameters. Equivalence It is intended and expected that manufacturers or others who claim compliance with these NEMA standard test procedures for the determination of image qu
21、ality parameters shall have carried out the tests in accordance with the procedures specified in the published standards. In those cases where it is impossible or impractical to follow the literal prescription of a NEMA test procedure, a complete description of any deviation from the published proce
22、dure must be included with any measurement claimed equivalent to the NEMA standard. The validity or equivalence of the modified procedure will be determined by the reader. Uncertainty of the Measurements The measurement uncertainty of the image quality parameter determined using this standards publi
23、cation is to be reported, together with the value of the parameter. Justification for the claimed uncertainty limits shall also be provided by a listing and discussion of sources and magnitudes of error. MS 2-2008 (R2014) Page iii 2008 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Foreword This stan
24、dards publication is classified as a NEMA standard unless otherwise noted. It is intended for use by MRI system manufacturers, manufacturers of accessory equipment (including special purpose gradient coils), and MRI end users. The purpose of this procedure is to provide a standard means for measurin
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