NEMA C18 1M PART 2-2011 Portable Primary Cells and Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte- Safety Standard.pdf

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1、 ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2011 American National Standard for Portable Primary Cells and Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte Safety Standard ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2011 Revision of ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2003 American National Standard for Portable Primary Cells and Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte Safety Sta

2、ndard Secretariat: National Electrical Manufacturers Association Approved December 22, 2010 American National Standards Institute ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2011 NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of persons engaged in the development

3、 and approval of the document at the time it was developed. Consensus does not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement among every person participating in the development of this document. ANSI standards and guideline publications, of which the document contained herein is one, are develo

4、ped through a voluntary consensus standards development process. This process brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered by this publication. While NEMA administers the process to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it doe

5、s not write the document and it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy or completeness of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards and guideline publications. NEMA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property, or other damages of an

6、y nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, application, or reliance on this document. NEMA disclaims and makes no guaranty or warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of any

7、information published herein, and disclaims and makes no warranty that the information in this document will fulfill any of your particular purposes or needs. NEMA does not undertake to guarantee the performance of any individual manufacturer or sellers products or services by virtue of this standar

8、d or guide. In publishing and making this document available, NEMA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is NEMA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on

9、 his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Information and other standards on the topic covered by this publication may be available from other sources, which the user

10、 may wish to consult for additional views or information not covered by this publication. NEMA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. NEMA does not certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for safety or health purp

11、oses. Any certification or other statement of compliance with any health or safetyrelated information in this document shall not be attributable to NEMA and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement. ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2011 i AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Approval of an A

12、merican National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been rea

13、ched by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National S

14、tandards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute do

15、es not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for int

16、erpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to r

17、eaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Published by National Electrical Manufacturers As

18、sociation 1300 North 17th Street, Rosslyn, VA 22209 Copyright 2011 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association All rights reserved including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic

19、Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2011 ii T

20、his page intentionally left blank. ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2011 iii Contents Foreword v 1 Introduction 1 2 Scope 1 3 Normative References. 1 4 Definitions 1 5 Requirements for Safety . 3 5.1 Design. 3 5.1.1 General 3 5.1.2 Battery Case 3 5.1.3 Venting. 3 5.1.4 Attitude (Orientation) . 3 5.1.5 Multi-Cell

21、 Molded Plastic Battery Enclosure 4 5.2 Intended Use Requirements. 4 5.3 Reasonably Foreseeable Misuse Requirements 4 5.4 Design Consideration Requirements 4 5.5 Quality Assurance Plan. 4 6 Sampling for Type Approval . 5 7 Testing and Compliance (Verification) 5 7.1 General . 5 7.1.1 Test Temperatur

22、e 5 7.2 Pretest Dimensions, Voltage, and Insulation Resistance Test Requirements 6 7.2.1 Dimensions 6 7.2.2 Open Circuit Voltage . 6 7.2.3 Closed Circuit Voltage . 6 7.2.4 Insulation Resistance Test 6 7.3 Intended Use Simulation Tests. 7 7.3.1 Test A: Partial Use. 7 7.3.2 Test B: Vibration 7 7.3.3 T

23、est C: Thermal Shock 8 7.3.4 Test D: Mechanical Shock. 9 7.4 Reasonably Foreseeable Misuse Tests 10 7.4.1 Test E: Incorrect Installation 10 7.4.2 Test F: External Short-Circuit 11 7.4.3 Test G: Free Fall (User Drop) 12 7.4.4 Test H: Over-Discharge. 12 7.4.5 Test I: Crush 13 7.5 Design Consideration

24、Tests 14 7.5.1 Test J: Thermal Abuse 14 7.5.2 Test K: Mold Stress .15 8 Information for Safety 18 ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2011 iv 9 Instructions for Use. 18 10 Marking 19 10.1 General . 19 10.2 Small Size Batteries 19 Annex A Guidance for Device Designers 21 Annex B Guidance for Packaging, Handling, and

25、 Transportation . 28 Annex C Bibliography. 30 Tables Table 1 Sampling for Type Approval . 5 Table 2 Vibration Test Sequence 8 Table 3 Shock Pulse 9 Table 4A Tests Required for Single Cell Batteries 16 Table 4B Tests Required for Multi-Cell Batteries 17 Table 5 Suggested Minimum Diameters for Coil Sp

26、ring Wire 27 Figures Figure 1 Small Cell or Battery Gauge (Inner Dimensions) . 3 Figure 2 Circuit Diagram for Test E: Incorrect Installation.10 Figure 3 Circuit Diagram for Test F: External Short-Circuit. 11 Figure 4 Circuit Diagram for Test H: Over-Discharge . 13 Figure 5 Example of Series Connecti

27、on with One Battery Reversed 21 Figure 6 Positive Contact, Contact Recessed Between Ribs 23 Figure 7 Positive Contact, Recessed Aperture 23 Figure 8 Negative Contact, Contact is “U” Shaped . 24 Figure 9A . 25 Figure 9B . 25 Figure 10A Example of a Short CircuitA Switch is Piercing the Battery Insula

28、ting Jacket. 25 Figure 10B Example of Insulation to Prevent Short CircuitInsulating Material Positioned as Shown Prevents the Switch from Damaging the Battery Jacket . 26 Figure 11 Examples Showing Distorted Springs . 26 Figure 12 One Example of Protected Insertion Design . 27 ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-20

29、11 v Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard C18.1M, Part 2-2011.) In 1912, a committee of the American Electrochemical Society recommended standard methods to be used in testing dry cells. Their recommendations were followed five years later when the National Bureau of Sta

30、ndards (currently the National Institute of Standards and Testing) prepared specifications that included cell sizes, arrangement of cells within batteries, service tests, and required performance. The need for continued revision to the specification led to the authorization, by the American Engineer

31、ing Standards committee, of a permanent sectional committee on dry cells. This committee, C18, representing battery users, manufacturers, and government agencies, has remained active since that time. Committee C18 prepared ANSI Standard C18.1M, Part 2, upon which this document is originally based un

32、der the sponsorship of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). ANSI Standard C18.1M, Part 2 was created in parallel with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) project to develop a product safety standard for primary batteries with aqueous electrolyte (IEC Publication

33、60086-5). This revision was undertaken to update the safety tests and content in ANSI Standard C18.1M, Part 2 and to keep them current with the best possible practices. Suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the National Electrical Manufacturers Associat

34、ion, 1300 N. 17th Street, Suite 1752, Rosslyn, VA 22209, Attention: Secretary ANSI ASC C18. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Accredited Standards Committee C18 on Portable Cells and Batteries. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all

35、 committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the C18 committee had the following members: Michael H. Babiak, Chairperson Steven Wicelinski, Vice-chairperson Ben Biroschak, Secretary Organization Represented: Name of Representative: BAE Systems Andrew J. Markow Bu

36、reau Veritas, Consumer Product Services Thomas Heckman Duracell Steven Wicelinski S. Keel Kelly (Alternate) Eastman Kodak Company James C. DeJager Energizer Battery Manufacturing, Inc. Michael H. Babiak Marcus K. Boolish (Alternate) Fisher Price / Mattel Douglas G. Golde Intertek ETL SEMKO Robert Ar

37、mstrong Kids II Robert J. Coughlin Panasonic Battery Corporation of America Charles P. Monahan ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2011 vi Portable Power Consultants Ramesh V. Shah SGS Jody M. Leber Spectrum Brands, Inc. John L. Hadley Denis Carpenter (Alternate) Tiburon Associates James A. Gucinski Underwriters La

38、boratories Laurie B. Florence The members of Subcommittee C18-5 on Safety Standards who contributed to the development of this standard are: Keel Kelly, Chairperson Ramesh Shah, Vice-chairperson Ben Biroschak, Secretary Michael Babiak James Gucinski Marcus Boolish John Hadley Robert Coughlin Jody Le

39、berJames DeJager Andrew Markow Laurie Florence Charles Monahan Douglas Golde Steven Wicelinski 1 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI C18.1M, PART 2-2011 For Portable Primary Cells and Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte Safety Standard 1 Introduction The concept of safety is closely related to safeguardi

40、ng the integrity of people and property. This standard defines performance requirements for primary batteries with aqueous electrolyte to ensure their safe operation under normal use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. Safety is a balance between freedom from risk of harm and other demands to be met

41、by the product. There can be no absolute safety. Even at the highest level of safety, the product can only be relatively safe. In this respect, decision-making is based on risk evaluation and safety judgment. As safety will pose different problems, it is impossible to provide a set of precise provis

42、ions and recommendations that will apply in every case. This may be particularly true for button type batteries. However, this standard, when followed on a judicious “use when applicable” basis, will provide reasonably consistent standards for safety. 2 Scope This American National Standard specifie

43、s tests and requirements for portable primary batteries with aqueous electrolyte and zinc anode (non-lithium) to ensure their safe operation under normal use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. For reference, the chemical systems standardized in ANSI C18.1M, Part 1 are: Carbon zinc (Leclanch and zinc

44、 chloride types); Alkaline manganese dioxide; Silver oxide; Zinc air; Nickel oxy-hydroxide. 3 Normative References The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this American National Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indi

45、cated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. ANSI C18.1M, Part 1, American National Standard for Portabl

46、e Primary Cells and Batteries with Aqueous ElectrolyteGeneral and Specifications 4 Definitions For the purposes of this American National Standard, the following definitions apply. 4.1 battery: One or more cells, including case, terminals, and marking. ANSI C18.1M Part 2-2011 2 4.2 battery, button:

47、Small round battery, where the overall height is less than the diameter. 4.3 battery, cylindrical: A battery, with cylindrical geometry, where the overall height is equal to or greater than the diameter. 4.4 battery, portable: A battery that is easily hand carried. 4.5 battery, prismatic: A battery

48、with non-round geometry. 4.6 cell, primary: A source of electrical energy obtained by the direct conversion of chemical energy that is not designed to be charged by any other electrical source. 4.7 explosion: A failure that occurs when a cell or battery violently opens and major components are forci

49、bly expelled. 4.8 fire: Combustion of cell/battery components with emission of flame. 4.9 harm: Physical injury and/or damage to health or property. 4.10 hazard: A potential source of harm. 4.11 intended use: The use of a product, process, or service in accordance with specifications, information, and instructions provided by the supplier. 4.12 leakage: The unplanned escape of electrolyte from a cell or battery. 4.13 nominal voltage: Suitable approximate value used to designate or identify the voltage of a cell, battery, or