[考研类试卷]考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷470及答案与解析.doc
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1、考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷 470 及答案与解析Part B (10 points) 0 Canada s premiers(the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.Theyre all groaning about s
2、oaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.【C1 】_.What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health careto say nothing of reports from other expertsrecommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having
3、its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.【C2 】_.But “national“ doesnt have to mean that “National“ could mean interprovincialprovinces combiningefforts to create one body.Either
4、 way, one benefit of a “national“ organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one provinceor a series of hospitals within a province negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf
5、of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.【C3 】_.A small step has been taken i
6、n the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refu
7、sed to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They(particularly Quebec and Alberta)just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. Thats one reason why the idea of a national list hasn t gone anywhere, while drug costs keep ris
8、ing fast.【C4 】_.Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanows report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain th
9、e ever-increasing cost of drugs.“【C5 】_.So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.AQuebec s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideol
10、ogy. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebecs Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 percent!BOr they could read Mr. Kirbys report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency would stre
11、ngthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.“CWhat does “national“ mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.DThe problem is sim
12、ple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.EAccording to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from
13、 drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.FSo, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end d
14、uplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.GOf course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one prov
15、ince to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldnt like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.1 【C1 】2 【C2 】3 【C3 】4 【C4 】5 【C5 】5 On the north bank of the Ohio river si
16、ts Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino(a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35, 000 a year, lost approximately $175, 000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a cou
17、pon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card“, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the users gambling activities. Fo
18、r Williams, those activities become what he calls “electronic heroin“.【C1 】_. In 1997 he lost $21, 000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72, 186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino o
19、pened at 9 a.m Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williamss got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Willi
20、ams s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions“ letter. Noting the “medical / psychological“ nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present
21、medical / psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.【C2 】_.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun . and always bet with your head, not over it.“ Every entrance ticket lists a toll
22、-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williamss suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,“ intentionally worked to “lure“ him to “engage in conduct against his will.“ Well.【C3 】_.The fourth edition of the Diagnost
23、ic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling“ involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.【C4 】_. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once wer
24、e considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.【C5 】_.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent onyou might say addicted torevenues from wagering. And since the first Internet ga
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