[考研类试卷]考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷353及答案与解析.doc

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1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 353 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 An analysis of 20,928 postmenopausal women showed that the taller a woman is, the greater her risk for a number of cancers, including breast, colon and

2、skin cancer, among others. The finding, published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, is not expected to change screening recommendations and shouldnt alarm those with a tall stature. Instead, say scientists, the association between height and cancer may help guide researchers to study

3、hormones and growth factors that influence height and may also play a role in cancer.“We know that cancer is a disease in which hormones and growth factors modify things,“ said Geoffrey C. Kabat, a senior epidemiologist in the department of epidemiology and population health at the Albert Einstein C

4、ollege of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York. “Height itself is not a risk factor, but it really appears to be a marker for one or more exposures that influence cancer risk. “Nobody really knows why cancer risk is associated with a taller stature. It may have to do with hormones and growth f

5、actors that spur both height and cancer cells. It may be that height simply increases the surface area of the bodys organs, resulting in a greater number of overall cells and higher subsequent risk of malignancy.While the current study focused only on women, other research has also found an associat

6、ion between height and cancer among men. One study found that taller men were at slightly higher risk for aggressive prostate cancer. In May, the Journal of the National Cancer Institute reported that height differences between men and women may help explain why men have an overall greater risk of d

7、eveloping cancer in non-sex specific organs like kidneys and lungs. That study, of 65 ,000 men and women, showed that sex differences in height may explain a third to a half of a mans excess cancer risk compared to women.Height can be influenced by a number of factors beyond genetics. The amount and

8、 type of foods consumed in childhood can influence height, and childhood nutrition may also play some role in cancer risk. A higher circulating level of a protein called insulin-like growth factor, which can be influenced by factors like exercise, stress, body mass index and nutrition, is also assoc

9、iated with both increased height and an increased cancer risk.The data for the latest analysis were collected from the Womens Health Initiative, the largest-ever study of postmenopausal women. The researchers identified 20,928 women who had received a cancer diagnosis during the 12-year study period

10、. The data set included not only the womans height but also her age, weight, education, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and whether she used hormone therapy. This allowed the scientists to control for other factors that could influence cancer risk and more closely determine the strength of the a

11、ssociation with height.They found that for every 4-inch change in height, there was a 13 percent increase in risk for developing any type of cancer. The cancers most strongly associated with height were cancers of the kidney, rectum, thyroid and blood. Risk for those cancers increased by 23 to 29 pe

12、rcent for every 4-inch increase in height.1 According to the passage, which one of the following is not a possible reason why cancer risk is associated with a taller stature?（A）It may have to do with hormones and growth factors that spur both height and cancer cells.（B） height simply increases the s

13、urface area of the bodys organs, resulting in a greater number of overall cells and higher subsequent risk of malignancy.（C） the taller a woman is, the greater her risk for a number of cancers, including breast, colon and skin cancer, among others.（D）A higher circulating level of a protein called in

14、sulin-like growth factor is associated with both increased height and an increased cancer risk.2 According to paragraph 4, taller men were at slightly higher risk for aggressive_.（A）prostate cancer（B） colon cancer（C） skin cancer（D）blood cancer3 According to paragraph 5, each of the following factor

15、can influence height EXCEPT_.（A）the amount and type of foods consumed in childhood（B） a higher circulating level of a protein called insulin-like growth factor（C） the use of hormone therapy（D）genetics4 For every 4-inch change in height, there was a_percent increase in risk for developing any type of

16、 cancer.（A）23（B） 13（C） 29（D）125 The author of the passage would be most likely toagree with which one of the following statements?（A）Those with a tall stature should be alarmed and have cancer screening every year.（B） Height itself is a risk factor that directly influences cancer risks.（C） A taller

17、woman has a greater risk for a number of cancers than a man.（D）Sex differences in height may explain a third to a half of a mans excess cancer risk compared to women.5 DOTCOM mania was slow in coming to higher education, but now it has the venerable industry firmly in its grip. Since the launch earl

18、y last year of Udacity and Coursera, two Silicon Valley start-ups offering free education through MOOCs, massive open online courses, the ivory towers of academia have been shaken to their foundations. University brands built in some cases over centuries have been forced to contemplate the possibili

19、ty that information technology will rapidly make their existing business model obsolete. Meanwhile, the MOOCs have multiplied in number, resources and student recruitment without yet having figured out a business model of their own.Besides providing online courses to their own(generally fee-paying)s

20、tudents, universities have felt obliged to join the MOOC revolution to avoid being guillotined by it. Coursera has formed partnerships with 83 universities and colleges around the world, including many of Americas top-tier institutions.EdX, a non-profit MOOC provider founded in May 2012 by Harvard U

21、niversity and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and backed with $ 60m of their money, is now a consortium of 28 institutions, the most recent joiner being the Indian Institute of Technology in Mumbai. Led by the Open University, which pioneered distance-learning in the 1970s, FutureLearn, a

22、consortium of 21 British, one Irish and one Australian university, plus other educational bodies, will start offering MOOCs later this year. But Oxford and Cambridge remain aloof, refusing to join what a senior Oxford figure fears may be a “lemming-like rush“ into MOOCs.On July 10th Coursera said it

23、 had raised another $ 43m in venture capital, on top of the $ 22m it banked last year. Although its enrolments have soared, and now exceed 4m students, this is a huge leap of faith by investors that the firm can develop a viable business model. The new money should allow Coursera to build on any adv

24、antage it has from being a first mover among a rapidly growing number of MOOC providers.The industry has similar network economics to Amazon, eBay and Google, says Ms Roller, in that “content producers go to where most consumers are, and consumers go to where the most content is. “ Simon Nelson, the

25、 chief executive of FutureLearn, disagrees. “Anyone who thinks the rules of engagement have already been written by the existing players is massively underestimating the potential of the technology,“ he says.Certainly, there is plenty of experimentation with business models taking place. The MOOCs t

26、hemselves may be free, but those behind them think there will be plenty of revenue opportunities. Coursera has started charging to provide certificates for those who complete its courses and want proof, perhaps for a future employer. It is also starting to license course materials to universities th

27、at want to beef up their existing offering. However, it has abandoned for now attempts to help firms recruit employees from among Courseras students, because catering to the different needs of each employer was “not a scalable model“, says Ms Koller.For Udacity, in contrast, working with companies t

28、o train existing and future employees is now the heart of its business model. It has tie-ups with several firms, including Google. It recently formed a partnership with AT&T, along with Georgia Tech, to offer a masters degree in computer science. Course materials will be free, but students will pay

29、around $ 7,000 for tuition. EdX is taking yet another tack, selling its MOOC technology to universities like Stanford, both to create their own MOOC offerings and to make physically attending university more attractive, by augmenting existing teaching.6 The underlined phrase “beef up“ in paragraph 6

30、 is closest in meaning to_.（A）replace（B） surpass（C） strengthen（D）shame7 According to Paragraph 2, universities have felt obliged to join the MOOC revolution because（A）they do not want to be killed by it（B） they deem very highly of its business model（C） they value the potential of this technology（D）t

31、hey want to make physically attending university more attractive8 According to Paragraph 3, Oxford and Cambridge refuse to offer MOOCs because_.（A）they think MOOCs will be a serious threat to their current offerings（B） they do not want to follow blindly when they are uncertain of MOOCs value（C） univ

32、ersities will be guillotined by it in the future（D）it cannot provide as many revenue opportunities as the existing business model9 Universities like Stanford bought MOOC technology from EdX in order to_.（A）work with companies to train existing and future employees（B） develop a viable business model（

33、C） become a first mover among a rapidly growing number of MOOC providers（D）create their own MOOC offerings and make physically attending university more attractive, by augmenting existing teaching10 According to the passage, each of the following is true of Udacity and Coursera EXCEPT:（A）Coursera ha

34、s started charging to provide certificates for those who complete its courses and want proof.（B） Coursera has abandoned attempts to help firms recruit employees from among Coursera s students.（C） working with companies to train existing and future employees is now the heart of Udacitys business mode

35、l.（D）Coursera recently formed a partnership with AT&T, along with Georgia Tech, to offer a masters degree in computer science.10 When Hurricane Katrina ravaged the U. S. Gulf Coast in 2005, Facebook was the new kid on the block. There was no Twitter for news updates, and the iPhone was not yet on th

36、e scene. By the time Hurricane Sandy slammed the eastern seaboard in 2012, social media had become an integral part of disaster response, filling the void in areas where cell phone service was lost while millions of Americans looked to resources including Twitter and Facebook to keep informed, locat

37、e loved ones, notify authorities and express support.Researchers have now started publishing data on the use of social media in disasters, and lawmakers and security experts have begun to assess how emergency management can best adapt. The new playbook will not do away with the emergency broadcast s

38、ystem and other government efforts. Rather, it will incorporate new data from researchers, federal agencies and nonprofits that have begun to reveal the exact penetration of social media in disasters.The Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)wrote in its 2013 National Preparedness report that dur

39、ing and immediately following Hurricane Sandy, “users sent more than 20 million Sandy-related Twitter posts, or tweets, despite the loss of cell phone service during the peak of the storm. “ Following the Boston Marathon bombings, one quarter of Americans reportedly looked to Facebook, Twitter and o

40、ther social networking sites for information. When the Boston Police Department posted its final “CAPTURED!“ tweet of the manhunt, more than 140,000 people retweeted it.Each disaster sparks its own complex web of fast-paced information exchange. Thats a good thing, says Mark Keim, associate director

41、 for science in the Office of Environmental Health Emergencies at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), it can both improve disaster response and allow affected populations to take control of their situation as well as feel empowered.Drawing up an effective social media strategy

42、 and tweaking it to fit an emergency, however, is a crucial part of preparedness planning, says disaster sociologist Jeannette Sutton, a senior research scientist at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs who studies social media in crises and disaster. For the Boston Marathon incident, she

43、found no consistent hash tag on Twitter, which can make tracking relevant information difficult. Even searching for the word “Boston“ may fall short, she says, because it could lead to unrelated matter like Boston tourism or fail to capture relevant tweets that did not include the word Boston. As pa

44、rt of disaster preparedness, she says, it would be useful to teach the public how to use social media effectively, how to get information from the Web and also how to put out useful information.All the fast-paced information available via social media does pose inherent risks when navigating emergen

45、cy situations. One is the rapid spread of misinformationas was the case after the Boston bombings with the identification of a missing man as a possible suspect. Although mistakes often get fixed via the “Wikipedia effect,“ in which other users correct the errors, Sutton notes that false information

46、 can easily go viral. Another key risk is scammers using social media to steal cash. The FBI has warned that social media can also be a lucrative platform for scam artists that crop up in the wake of tragedy. After the Newtown, Conn. , school shooting, for example, the FBI arrested a woman who alleg

47、edly claimed to be the relative of a dead victim and solicited money via Facebook and other sources.11 The underlined word “tweaking“(Line 1, Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to_.（A）condemning（B） fine-tuning（C） changing（D）spreading12 According to Paragraph 2, the relationship between the new playbo

48、ok and traditional disaster response can be best described as_.（A）incorporation（B） exclusion（C） replacement（D）competition13 Which one of the following is not a positive effect of social media on disaster response?（A）It can keep people informed, locate loved ones, notify authorities and express suppo

49、rt.（B） It can improve disaster response.（C） It allows affected populations to take control of their situation as well as feel empowered.（D）Scammers can use social media to steal cash.14 The authors attitude towards social medias effects on disaster response is most accurately described as_.（A）appreciation of the fast-paced information exchange social media sparks together with awareness of its effectiveness and risks（B） respect of the fast-paced information exchange social media sparks together with disdain of its effec