[考研类试卷]考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷349及答案与解析.doc
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1、考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷 349 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 Somebody might say that anxiety is a small price to pay for maximizing individual liberty.【F1】Freedom from nature is bound to have its unpleasant side eff
2、ects, but surely it is still much better than submitting to the brutish, undignified fate nature has in store for each of us.【F2】Yet it is also true that our inability to find a standard of personal dignity or significance to trump productivity might be the foundation for a new birth of tyranny in t
3、he emerging biotechnological world.Consider that a perfectly technological world would be one in which every natural resource was harnessed to maximize the productivity of free beings. Biotechnology, in effect, adds ones own body to the list of natural resources. The philosopher of unregulated indiv
4、idualism, John Locke, said that my body is my property to be exploited at will with security and enjoyment in mind. Biotechnology promises to make into a reality the transhumanist dream of leaving behind our bodily limitations.This insight is the source of our enthusiasm today for cosmetic surgery a
5、nd neurology.【F3】It would seem that enhancing the body of a perfectly healthy individual would be a violation of the literal meaning of the Hippocratic Oath; it says, in effect, do not turn someone into a patient for reasons that have nothing to do with health. These days, autonomy seems to trump su
6、ch traditional concerns. But what arc the main reasons that people have themselves nipped, tucked, and Botoxed? To look younger and more pleasing and so to be more productive. To avoid the indignity of being old, alone, and poor. Autonomy is subordinated to dignity understood as productivity.【F4】If
7、there is nothing wrong with such physical enhancement, we will all be pressured to stay young and pretty as long as we can, which will be a lot longer than nature intends. Autonomy, in effect, will be sacrificed to productivity. The same will be true of other potential improvementsto our cognitive a
8、bilities, our memories, and our moods.By way of example, consider a case from the university: the notoriously autonomy obsessed and unproductive professor. Despite the fact that such professors often drove off students and were too disoriented to publish to their full potential, we used to tolerate
9、their moodiness for two reasons. First, we did not think that they could help it; professors are eccentric by nature.【F5】And second, we sort of bought the claim that we alland profound people especiallyhave a right to our “natural moods“ as an indispensable clue to the truth about who we are.1 【F1】2
10、 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 【F1】I cant help wondering what Charles Darwin would think if he could survey the state of his intellectual achievement today. 200 years after his birth and 150 years after the publication of “On the Origin of Species“ , the book that changed everything. His central idea evol
11、ution by means of natural selectionwas in some sense the product of his time, as Darwin well knew. He was the grandson of Erasmus Darwin, who grasped that there was something wrong with the conventional notion of fixed species. And his theory was hastened into print and into joint presentation by th
12、e independent discoveries of Alfred Russel Wallace half a world away.But Darwins theory was the product of years of patient observation.【F2 】We love to believe in science by epiphany, but the work of real scientists is to rigorously test their epiphanies after they have been boiled down to working h
13、ypotheses. Most of Darwins life was devoted to gathering evidence for just such tests. He writes with an air of incompleteness because he was aware that it would take the work of many scientists to confirm his theory in detail.I doubt that much in the subsequent history of Darwins idea would have su
14、rprised him.【F3】The most important discoveriesMendels genetics and the structure of DNAwould almost certainly have gratified him because they reveal the physical basis for the variation underlying evolution. It would have gratified him to see his ideas so thoroughly tested and to see so many of them
15、 confirmed. He could hardly have expected to be right so often.Perhaps one day we will not call evolution “Darwinism“. After all, we do not call classical mechanics Newtonism .As for the other fate of so-called Darwinismthe reductionist controversy fostered by religious conservativeswell, Darwin kne
16、w plenty about that, too. The cultural opposition to evolution was then, as now, scientifically irrelevant.【F4】Perhaps the persistence of opposition to evolution is a reminder that culture is not biological, or else we might have evolved past such a gnashing of sensibilities.【F5】In a way, our peculi
17、arly American failure to come to terms with Darwins theory and what its become since 1859 is a sign of something broader: our failure to come to terms with science and the leaching of science.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 What shapes moral emotions in the first place? The answer has long been ev
18、olution, hut in recent years theres an increasing appreciation that evolution isnt just about competition. Its also about cooperation within groups. 【F1】Like bees, humans have long lived or died based on their ability to divide labor, help each other and stand together in the face of common threats.
19、 Many of our moral emotions and intuitions reflect that history. We dont just care about our individual rights, or even the rights of other individuals. We also care about loyalty, respect, traditions, religions. We are all the descendents of successful cooperators.The first nice thing about this ev
20、olutionary approach to morality is that it emphasizes the social nature of moral intuition. People are not discrete units coolly formulating moral arguments. They link themselves together into communities and networks of mutual influence.The second nice thing is that it entails a warmer view of huma
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