ETSI TR 102 436-2014 Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM) Short Range Devices (SRD) intended for operation in the bands 865 MHz to 868 MHz and 915 MHz to .pdf

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1、 ETSI TR 102 436 V2.1.1 (2014-06) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD) intended for operation in the bands 865 MHz to 868 MHz and 915 MHz to 921 MHz; Guidelines for the installation and commissioning of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) equipm

2、ent at UHF Technical Report ETSI ETSI TR 102 436 V2.1.1 (2014-06) 2Reference RTR/ERM-TG34-22 Keywords ID, radio, short range, terrestrial ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Associati

3、on but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http:/www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the pre

4、sent document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network d

5、rive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http:/portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the presen

6、t document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http:/portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by writ

7、ten permission of ETSI. The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2014. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM, UMT

8、STMand the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM and LTETMare Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association. ETSI ET

9、SI TR 102 436 V2.1.1 (2014-06) 3Contents Intellectual Property Rights 5g3Foreword . 5g3Modal verbs terminology 5g31 Scope 6g32 References 6g32.1 Normative references . 6g32.2 Informative references 6g33 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 7g33.1 Definitions 7g33.2 Symbols 7g33.3 Abbreviations .

10、 8g34 Principles of operation 8g34.1 Characteristics of RFID at UHF . 9g34.1.1 Antennas . 9g34.1.2 Data Rates . 10g34.1.3 Intermodulation Products 10g34.1.4 De-tuning and absorption 10g34.1.5 Shielding . 11g34.1.6 Transparent materials 12g34.2 Operation in the lower and upper bands according to EN 3

11、02 208 12g34.2.1 Dense interrogator mode . 12g34.2.2 4 channel plan . 13g34.2.3 Benefits of band at 915 - 921 MHz . 14g34.2.4 Multiple interrogators . 14g34.2.5 Sharing the spectrum with SRDs 14g34.2.6 Flags and the “Select“ command 15g34.2.6.1 Session Flags . 15g34.2.6.2 Selected Flag . 16g34.2.6.3

12、 Select Command . 16g34.2.6.4 Use of flags and select commands 16g34.2.7 Fixed and portable interrogators . 18g34.2.8 Near field systems . 18g34.3 Operation in the band 868 - 870 MHz under EN 300 220 18g34.3.1 Hand held readers . 19g34.3.2 Vehicle mounted interrogators 19g34.3.3 Proximity printers .

13、 19g34.4 CE Marking 19g35 Preliminary considerations . 20g35.1 Acceptance Tests 20g36 Site considerations 20g36.1 Site survey 20g36.2 Basic principles 21g36.3 Antenna configurations 21g36.4 Configurations for near field systems at UHF 23g36.5 Tags using E.M. transmissions . 23g36.6 Near field tags 2

14、4g36.7 Sources of interference . 24g37 Recommendations for installation 25g37.1 Antenna fixtures . 25g37.2 Selection of antennas 25g37.3 Positioning of the antenna 25g3ETSI ETSI TR 102 436 V2.1.1 (2014-06) 47.4 Outside antennas 25g37.5 Antennas for GSM-R receivers 26g37.6 Cabling . 26g37.7 Earthing

15、(Fixed Interrogators) 26g37.8 RFID and Short Range Devices operating within the same area 27g38 Commissioning . 27g38.1 Setting to work . 27g38.2 Site records . 27g39 Maintenance . 27g3Annex A: Conversion of units of measurement . 29g3A.1 Measurements of power . 29g3Annex B: Earthing systems . 30g3B

16、.1 Earth System Minimum Requirements 30g3B.2 Typical electrode and array characteristics 30g3B.2.1 Vertical rod . 30g3B.2.2 Buried ring 31g3B.2.3 Buried grid 31g3B.2.4 Measurement of soil resistivity 31g3B.3 Earthing of support structures and buildings 33g3B.3.1 Ancillary equipment external to build

17、ings . 33g3B.3.2 Metal support poles on buildings . 33g3B.3.3 Metal security fences 33g3B.4 Interconnection of lightning protection systems with power supply earthing arrangements . 33g3Annex C: Prefabricated portals 34g3Annex D: Commissioning procedure 35g3Annex E: Bibliography 36g3History 37g3ETSI

18、 ETSI TR 102 436 V2.1.1 (2014-06) 5Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI

19、 SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/ipr.etsi.org). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no inv

20、estigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Repo

21、rt (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM). Every TR prepared by ETSI is voluntary. This text should be considered as guidance only and does not make the present document mandatory. The present document has been produced by ET

22、SI in response to a perceived need by RFID manufacturers, installers and end users for general guidance on the installation and commissioning of RFID systems operating at UHF. Modal verbs terminology In the present document “shall“, “shall not“, “should“, “should not“, “may“, “may not“, “need“, “nee

23、d not“, “will“, “will not“, “can“ and “cannot“ are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions). “must“ and “must not“ are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation. ETSI ETSI TR 102 436 V2.1.1 (201

24、4-06) 61 Scope The present document provides recommendations to system integrators and installers on good practice for the installation and commissioning of RFID systems operating at UHF at power levels up to 4 W e.r.p. Guidance is given on making best use of the available spectrum as envisaged with

25、in the ETSI standard EN 302 208 i.1. In addition the present document covers the use of reduced power RFID devices at UHF, such as hand held readers and proximity printers, operating in accordance with EN 300 220 i.2. This includes operation in the sub-bands 869,40 - 869,65 MHz at power levels of 50

26、0 mW and 869,7 - 870,0 MHz at power levels of 5 mW. In particular the present document considers the practices necessary to minimize interference in situations where multiple interrogators are co-located in close proximity. Failure to take the necessary precautions could lead to degradation in syste

27、m performance. The present document also endeavours to cover the approaches necessary to ensure that the operational requirements of the end-user are met. The present document concerns itself with radio matters only. It does not provide any guidance on computer hardware and software that may be used

28、 to process the data recovered from tags. Many of the techniques recommended in the present document have been subject to practical tests in a working distribution centre. However each application is different and the techniques recommended in the present document may not be applicable in all situat

29、ions. End users may wish to make use of the present document as a general guide. The present document does not cover matters related to Health and Safety. End-users and system integrators should familiarize themselves with the relevant national and international standards. 2 References References ar

30、e either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents w

31、hich are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at http:/docbox.etsi.org/Reference. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. 2.1 Normative references The following ref

32、erenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. Not applicable. 2.2 Informative references The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. i.1 ETSI EN 302

33、208 (Parts 1 and 2): “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radio Frequency Identification Equipment operating in the band 865 MHz to 868 MHz with power levels up to 2 W“. i.2 ETSI EN 300 220 (Parts 1 and 2): “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);

34、Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 25 MHz to 1 000 MHz frequency range with power levels ranging up to 500 mW“. i.3 CEPT ERC/REC 70-03: “Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)“. ETSI ETSI TR 102 436 V2.1.1 (2014-06) 7i.4 Void. i.5 ISO/IEC 18000-6, Information tech

35、nology - Radio frequency identification for item management - Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz General. i.6 ETSI TS 102 902 (V1.2.1): “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum matters (ERM); Methods, parameters and test procedures for cognitive interf

36、erence mitigation towards ER-GSM for use by UHF RFID using Detect-And-Avoid (DAA) or other similar techniques“. i.7 TCAM (21)36: “Passive RFID tags at the stage of placing on the market and the R dBi a measurement of power from an antenna relative to the same power radiated by an isotropic antenna (

37、an isotropic antenna is a theoretical antenna that radiates power equally in all directions). In Europe measurements of radiated power below 1 GHz are made using a half wave dipole and recorded as e.r.p. (effective radiated power) in dBd. The relationship between the radiated power from an isotropic

38、 antenna (eirp) and e.r.p. is the gain of a half wave dipole, which is 2,15 dB. ETSI ETSI TR 102 436 V2.1.1 (2014-06) 30Annex B: Earthing systems B.1 Earth System Minimum Requirements The following criteria need to be met or exceeded: a) A low resistance path to earth with a low inductance such that

39、 the overall impedance does not exceed 10 ohms. b) Life expectancy of the earth system to be at least equal to that of the structure it is protecting. c) Arrangements for regular testing by the provision of removable test links at strategic points. An earth termination should comprise: a) a ring con

40、nected to vertical electrodes (rods) not less than 9 m total length; or b) an earth “mat“ of radial conductors of not less than 20 m total length and buried at least 500 mm below ground level. Where electrodes cannot be buried to the minimum 500 mm depth, it should be noted that there is an increase

41、d risk of a step potential, e.g. electrodes terminated at surface level produce an 80 % greater potential gradient along the surface. B.2 Typical electrode and array characteristics B.2.1 Vertical rod It is recommended that lower earth resistivity will be obtained by driving several thin copper rods

42、 interconnected, rather than a single rod of the same overall mass. These should be at least 1 m apart and driven to a depth of at least 2 m. The basic calculation for assessing earth resistance for a vertical high conductivity rod. Where P = soil resistivity in Ohm-metres. All dimensions in metres. Figure B.1