EN 15801-2009 en Conservation of cultural property - Test methods - Determination of water absorption by capillarity《文化遗产保护的试验方法 利用毛细管作用测定吸水率》.pdf

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1、BS EN 15801:2009ICS 97.195NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDConservation ofcultural property Test methods Determination ofwater absorption bycapillarityThis British Standardwas published under theauthority of the StandardsPolicy and StrategyCommitt

2、ee on 31 January2010 BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 61875 8Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS EN 15801:2009National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15801:2009.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/560, Conservati

3、on of tangible cultural heritage.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standa

4、rd cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.BS EN 15801:2009EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15801 December 2009 ICS 97.195 English Version Conservation of cultural property - Test methods - Determination of water absorption by capillarity Conservation des biens culturels - M

5、thodes dessai - Dtermination de labsorption par capillarit Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Prfverfahren - Bestimmung der Wasserabsorption durch Kapillaritt This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 November 2009. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which

6、 stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Sta

7、ndard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national s

8、tandards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United

9、 Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15801:2009: EB

10、S EN 15801:2009EN 15801:2009 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Principle 55 Symbols and abbreviations 56 Test equipment 67 Preparation of test specimens .67.1 Number and dimensions of the test specimens .67.2 Pre-conditioning of

11、 test specimens .68 Test procedure .79 Expression of results 79.1 Capillary water absorption curve and coefficient (AC) 79.2 Capillary water penetration coefficient (B) .810 Test report 8Annex A (informative) Example of capillarity curves . 10Bibliography . 11BS EN 15801:2009EN 15801:2009 (E) 3 Fore

12、word This document (EN 15801:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346 “Conservation of cultural property”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement,

13、at the latest by June 2010 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or a

14、ll such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ic

15、eland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. BS EN 15801:2009EN 15801:2009 (E) 4 Introduction This test method can be applied if it does not change the value of the cult

16、ural property and follows relevant ethical codes of conservation practice. BS EN 15801:2009EN 15801:2009 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for determining the water absorption by capillarity of porous inorganic materials used for and constituting cultural property. The method m

17、ay be applied to porous inorganic materials either untreated or subjected to any treatment or ageing. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the la

18、test edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. prEN 15898:2009, Conservation of cultural property Main general terms and definitions concerning conservation of cultural property 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in

19、 prEN 15898:2009 and the following apply. 3.1 porous inorganic materials materials including natural stones, e.g. sandstone, limestone, marble, as well as artificial materials, such as mortar, plaster, brick and others 4 Principle Determination of the amount and rate at which a specimen absorbs wate

20、r by capillarity through the test surface when it is in contact with water. 5 Symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply: m0mass of the dry specimen, in kg mimass of the specimen at time ti, in kg A area of the specimen in contact with

21、water, in m2titime elapsed from the beginning of the test, in s Qi water absorbed per unit area, in kg/m2AC capillary water absorption coefficient, in kg/(m2s1/2) Hiheight of the front of water, in cm B capillary water penetration coefficient, in cm/s1/2BS EN 15801:2009EN 15801:2009 (E) 6 6 Test equ

22、ipment 6.1 A vessel with flat base. 6.2 Bedding layer such as filter paper, foam and cotton. 6.3 A chronometer with an accuracy of 1 s. 6.4 A ventilated oven which can maintain a temperature of (60 2) C. 6.5 An analytical balance with an accuracy of at least 0,01 g. 6.6 A linear measuring device (ca

23、lliper) with an accuracy of 0,1 mm. 6.7 Climatic chamber with temperature of (23 1) C. 6.8 Sand paper with grain size of 82 m (corresponding to grit number P180 according to the FEPA1)classification). 6.9 Desiccator filled with desiccant such as self-indicating silica gel or other drying agents. 7 P

24、reparation of test specimens 7.1 Number and dimensions of the test specimens The test specimens shall have a regular shape such as cubes or cylinders. They shall have dimensions (side or diameter) of at least 10 mm and a height of at least 10 mm. The number and dimensions of specimens are dependent

25、on the heterogeneity of the material. Each series shall consist of at least 3 specimens. In case of anisotropy, each series shall always be tested according to the same orientation, if any. All dimensions shall have a 0,5 mm tolerance. In case of non homogeneous materials, such as mortars, containin

26、g coarse aggregates, the dimensions shall be at least three times (and preferably five times) the largest grain size. The number and dimensions of the specimens can be different in cases when there could be difficulties in sampling the required amount of material. 7.2 Pre-conditioning of test specim

27、ens The surface chosen for the determination of water absorption by capillarity shall be flat and wet or dry polished with sand paper (6.8). After polishing, the specimens shall be washed with water, gently brushed with a soft brush and immersed in deionised water for 30 min. In case of water-sensit

28、ive materials, for example gypsum containing materials, only dry polishing and compressed air shall be used. The above procedure does not necessarily apply to treated specimens or specimens taken from exposed surfaces. The test specimens shall be dried to constant mass in a ventilated oven at a temp

29、erature of (60 2) C. If the material is temperature-sensitive, the pre-conditioning shall be conducted in a desiccator filled with desiccant or in a ventilated oven at a temperature of (40 2) C till constant mass is reached. 1) FEPA Federation of European Producers of Abrasives BS EN 15801:2009EN 15

30、801:2009 (E) 7 Constant mass is reached when the difference between two successive weighing at an interval of 24 h is not greater than 0,1 % of the mass of the specimen. Before each weighing and before beginning the test, the specimen shall be kept in a desiccator until temperature of (23 1) C is re

31、ached. 8 Test procedure A dry bedding layer (6.2) (minimum thickness of 5 mm) is placed on the bottom of the vessel (6.1). Water is added until the bedding layer is saturated. The water level should not exceed the upper surface of the bedding layer. Maintain the water level constant throughout the t

32、est by adding water as necessary. Once constant mass has been achieved by drying, each pre-conditioned specimen is weighed (m0), the surface under investigation is placed on the bedding layer, and the chronometer is started. For measuring water absorption, the specimen is taken off the medium, any w

33、ater adhering to the surface is wiped off using a damp cloth, and the specimen is weighed. The time intervals between the weighings depend on the speed of water absorption. The first weighing shall be taken at very short time intervals. The end of the test is reached when the difference between two

34、successive weighings (24 h) is not greater than 1 % of the mass of water absorbed by the specimen. If this condition is not reached, the test shall be ended after 8 days. NOTE 1 The choice of time intervals depends on the type of porous inorganic material (porosity, condition, size) and the treatmen

35、t, if any. It is recommended to conduct preliminary tests in order to establish the time intervals, especially during the first 60 min of the test. NOTE 2 Regardless of the set of time intervals chosen, it is important to apply the same test procedure (time intervals and number of measurements) both

36、 before and after treatment when the determination of water absorption by capillarity test method is used to verify the changes brought about by the treatment itself. After the determination of capillary water absorption, an additional test, following the same procedure shall be performed to measure

37、 the front of water on lateral surfaces of the specimen. For geometrical specimens (e.g. cubic, cylindrical form) the dynamic migration of the water front (capillary fringe) can be measured on the lateral surfaces. In case of a homogeneous and linear front, the height of the fringe corresponding to

38、the border between the dry and the wet zone is measured with a graduated line drawn on the lateral surface of the specimen or with a ruler, starting from the bottom of the specimen. In case of a heterogeneous front, the height of the fringe corresponds to the average of the four heights measured in

39、the central part of each face (case of a cubic specimen) or with the average of three recorded heights according to the three graduated vertical lines, each 120 from each other (case of a cylindrical specimen). Alternatively, the minimum and maximum height of the fringe on the lateral surfaces can b

40、e recorded with a ruler. 9 Expression of results 9.1 Capillary water absorption curve and coefficient (AC) The amount of water absorbed by the specimen per unit area Qi(kg/m2) at time ti (s) is calculated as follows: Qi= (mi m0)/A BS EN 15801:2009EN 15801:2009 (E) 8 For the determination of the capi

41、llary water absorption curve the calculated values of Qiare reported in a graph as a function of the square root of time (ti1/2). The capillary water absorption coefficient (AC) is the slope of the linear section of the curve obtained plotting the mass change per area (Qi) versus the square root of

42、time (ti1/2), and shall be calculated by linear regression, using at least 5 successive aligned points. Graphs reporting the water absorbed for untreated and treated specimens per unit area (Qi) versus the square root of time (ti1/2) are reported in Annex A as examples (Figure A.1). 9.2 Capillary wa

43、ter penetration coefficient (B) The capillary water penetration coefficient B is represented by the slope of the curve obtained reporting the height of the water front migration (Hi)versus the square root of time (ti1/2), and shall be calculated by linear regression. 10 Test report The test report s

44、hall include the following information: a) reference to this European Standard; b) the name and address of the test laboratory in which the test was carried out; c) date of testing (yy-mm-dd); d) type, name, provenance, description of the porous inorganic material including chemical, petrographical,

45、 mineralogical and physical characteristics (if available), in accordance with existing standards; e) number, shape, dimensions and orientation of anisotropy present, if any; f) description of pre-conditioning; g) description of the test surface of the specimens, the date when the specimens were pre

46、pared, type and date of the treatment applied, if any; h) type of water used for the test (e.g. tap water, deionised or distilled); i) set of time intervals chosen and the duration of the test; j) for each specimen the following data shall be reported: 1) Qivalues and the time intervals ti2) Hi valu

47、es and the time intervals ti3) the graphs of Qivalues as a function of square root of time (ti1/2) 4) the graphs of Hi values as a function of square root of time (ti1/2) BS EN 15801:2009EN 15801:2009 (E) 9 5) capillary water absorption coefficient AC and the correlation coefficient of the regressio

48、n line used for the calculation 6) capillary water penetration coefficient B and the correlation coefficient of the regression line used for the calculation k) all deviations from this European Standard and their justification; l) any additional remarks. BS EN 15801:2009EN 15801:2009 (E) 10 Annex A

49、(informative) Example of capillarity curves s1/20 50 100 150 200 250 300kg/m2Key Figure A.1 Example of curves of capillary water absorption for untreated and treated specimens NOTE In case of treatment B the calculation of AC is not possible due to the not linear behaviour of the first part of the curve. untreated with treatment A with treatment B BS EN 15801:2009EN 15801:2009 (E) 11 Bibliography 1 EN 1936, Natural stone test methods Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open