EN 14255-3-2008 en Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to incoherent optical radiation - Part 3 UV-Radiation emitted by the sun《暴露在非相干光辐射中人体的测量和评估 第3部分 太阳放射出的紫外线辐射》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 14255-3:2008Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to incoherent optical radiation Part 3: UV-Radiation emitted by the sunICS 17.240g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g4

2、8g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS EN 14255-3:2008This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 May 2008 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 57234 0National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN

3、14255-3:2008.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee CPL/34, Lamps and related equipment, to Subcommittee CPL/34/10, Light and lighting.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not pur

4、port to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN

5、 14255-3March 2008ICS 17.240English VersionMeasurement and assessment of personal exposures toincoherent optical radiation - Part 3: UV-Radiation emitted by thesunMesurage et valuation des expositions individuelles aurayonnement optique incohrent - Partie 3: Rayonnementultraviolet mis par le soleilM

6、essung und Beurteilung von personenbezogenenExpositionen gegenber inkohrenter optischer Strahlung -Teil 3: Von der Sonne emittierte UV-StrahlungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 February 2008.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the

7、 conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in t

8、hree official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of A

9、ustria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMM

10、ITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 14255-3:2008: EEN 14255-3:2008 (E) 2 Con

11、tents Page Foreword4 Introduction .5 1 Scope 7 2 Normative references 7 3 Terms and definitions .8 3.1 Symbols, terms and units .8 3.2 Definitions 8 4 Survey of procedures11 5 Risk assessment using the solar UV-Index IUV.12 5.1 General12 5.2 Determination of solar UV-Index IUV.12 5.3 Risk assessment

12、13 5.4 Decision on protective measures 14 5.5 Advantages and limitations 14 6 Determination and assessment of the skin exposure factor 14 6.1 General14 6.2 Skin exposure factor .14 6.2.1 General14 6.2.2 Calculation of the skin exposure factor 15 6.2.3 Assessment15 6.3 Advantages and limitations 16 7

13、 Calculation of solar radiation exposures by radiative transfer models.16 7.1 General16 7.2 Models for the calculation of UV-exposure.16 7.3 Assessment of the result 17 7.4 Necessity of protective measures17 7.5 Advantages and limitations of the procedures 17 8 Measurement of erythemal effective rad

14、iant exposure Her.17 8.1 General17 8.2 Quantities to be measured18 8.3 Description of the methods 18 8.4 Advantages and limitations 19 9 Measurement of non-melanoma skin cancer radiant exposure Hnmsc19 9.1 General19 9.2 Procedure .20 9.3 Protective measures20 9.4 Advantages and limitations 20 10 Mea

15、surement and assessment according to EN 14255-1 .20 10.1 General20 10.2 Procedure .21 10.3 Protective measures21 10.4 Advantages and limitations 21 11 Sun protection measures22 Annex A (normative) Relation between skin type and minimal erythema dose23 Annex B (informative) Examples of protective mea

16、sures.24 Annex C (informative) UV skin and eye risks .25 BS EN 14255-3:2008EN 14255-3:2008 (E) 3 Annex D (informative) Methods for the measurement of solar erythemal effective radiant exposure Her.26 D.1 General .26 D.2 Methods A to F for the measurement of the erythemal effective radiant exposure H

17、er.26 D.2.1 General .26 D.2.2 Method A 27 D.2.3 Method B 27 D.2.4 Method C 28 D.2.5 Method D 28 D.2.6 Method E.29 D.2.7 Method F.29 Bibliography31 BS EN 14255-3:2008EN 14255-3:2008 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 14255-3:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 169 “Light and lighting”

18、, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2008. At

19、tention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. EN 14255 Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to incoherent optical radiatio

20、n is published in four parts: Part 1: Ultraviolet radiation emitted by artificial sources in the workplace Part 2: Visible and infrared radiation emitted by artificial sources in the workplace Part 3 (this part): UV-Radiation emitted by the sun Part 4: Terminology and quantities used in UV-, visible

21、 and IR-exposure measurements According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hung

22、ary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 14255-3:2008EN 14255-3:2008 (E) 5 Introduction People may be exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted

23、by artificial or natural sources. The most important natural source for UV-radiation exposure is the sun. Depending on global factors such as geographical position, season, time of day, altitude, cloudiness and individual factors such as clothing, the time spent outdoors may result in a significant

24、UV-exposure to the sun. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun is of considerable health concern. UV-exposure can produce both beneficial and harmful health effects. Vitamin D production is recognized as a beneficial effect. Acute harmful effects on the eyes and the skin can be induced by sh

25、ort term UV-irradiation of high intensity. Typical injuries are photoconjunctivitis and photokeratitis of the eye and UV-erythema of the skin. Minor doses of UV-radiation may induce or aggravate some diseases such as porphyria or lupus erythematosis or may trigger phototoxic and photoallergic reacti

26、ons. The visible and the infrared part of the radiation spectrum of the sun may also cause short term injuries, when overexposure occurs, such as thermal damage to the skin as well as thermal and photochemical injuries of the retina of the eyes. However, visible and infrared radiation exposures are

27、not dealt with in this standard. Additionally, long term UV-irradiation may result in damage to the eyes and skin, such as cataracts, skin aging and skin cancer. There is also increasing evidence that UV-exposure suppresses the immune system, which could lead to a reduction in the efficacy of immuni

28、zation programmes and increase the spread of infectious diseases. Between two and three million non-melanoma skin cancers are diagnosed worldwide each year which are rarely fatal and can be surgically removed; approximately 132,000 melanoma skin cancers occur globally each year. Melanoma is responsi

29、ble for approximately 80 % of an estimated 66,000 deaths annually due to skin cancer 1. Worldwide some 12 to 15 million people become blind from cataracts annually, of which up to 20% may be caused or aggravated by sun exposure, according to estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO). These nu

30、mbers will increase as the stratospheric ozone layer is depleted over the next decades, unless people become aware of the hazards of UV-radiation exposure, especially from the sun 2. In order to avoid short term injuries and reduce additional risks from long term UV-exposures international recommend

31、ations advise restriction of solar UV-exposures 3. To achieve this, it is necessary to determine the level of solar UV-exposure and assess its gravity. Such determination can be achieved either by measurements or by estimations. This European Standard supports the application of recommendations of i

32、nternational or European organisations (e. g. WHO, ICNIRP1), EUROSKIN) for protection against harmful solar UV-exposure. This standard specifies procedures for the measurement or estimation and the assessment of solar UV-exposures. For radiation protection purposes it is not always necessary to dete

33、rmine exactly the personal solar UV-exposure. Often a more general determination of the solar UV-exposure level is sufficient. The UV-Index is one of the means for that. The UV-Index can describe the current measured, the expected daily maximum, or the expected daily trend of the erythemally effecti

34、ve irradiance. It is based on regional measurements or calculations of the global solar radiation. It is published by various organisations and in weather forecasts. It can be used to forecast the expected solar UV-exposure and to plan protective measures, if necessary. So it is a means to determine

35、 an approximate personal solar UV-exposure. As the UV-Index is usually determined for a larger regional area the local solar UV-exposure may deviate due to different cloud cover and other reasons. So the local and individual UV-exposure assessment has to be adjusted accordingly. 1) ICNIRP Internatio

36、nal Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation BS EN 14255-3:2008EN 14255-3:2008 (E) 6 A similar approach is the determination of the skin and ocular exposure factors 4, 5. It allows an approximate local solar UV-exposure estimation. As it is not based on measurements the uncertainty may be larger than an

37、 estimation based on the UV-Index. However this method does take local factors (cloud cover, albedo) and individual factors (clothing and protective measures) into account. For the planning of solar UV-radiation protection purposes when travelling, a calculation of the global solar radiation exposur

38、e depending on season, time of day, geographical position, etc. may be helpful. There are software programs which allow such calculations. In some cases it is necessary to determine the personal solar UV-exposure more exactly. This can be done by measurements of the erythemal and/or the non-melanoma

39、 skin cancer radiant exposure. These exposure data can be used to determine individual risks. Personal solar UV-exposures can in some cases also be determined by UV-exposure measurements according to EN 14255-1. The results can be compared to recommended or required limit values in order to assess t

40、he gravity of the exposure. When the solar UV-exposure exceeds a certain level it may be necessary to apply protective measures in order to avoid injuries of the skin and the eyes. This standard does not specify sun protection measures but gives corresponding reference sources. BS EN 14255-3:2008EN

41、14255-3:2008 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard specifies procedures for the measurement or estimation and the assessment of personal exposures to ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun. NOTE 1 According to CIE 17.4 UV-radiation is defined as an electromagnetic radiation with wavelength between

42、100 nm and 400 nm. Due to atmospheric absorption only solar UV-radiation in the spectral region between 280 nm and 400 nm reaches the earths surface in significant amounts. This European Standard applies to solar UV-exposures when staying outdoors. This European Standard is applicable to workers and

43、 to the general population. This European Standard does not apply to UV-exposures caused by artificial sources, e.g. UV-lamps, welding arcs. NOTE 2 Part 1 of this European Standard deals with UV-exposures caused by artificial sources. NOTE 3 For radiation emissions of products other standards apply,

44、 such as CIE S 009 for lamps and lamp systems, EN 60335-2-27 6 for sunbeds, EN 60335-2-59 7 for insect killers and EN 12198 8 for radiation emissions of machinery. This European Standard does not apply to radiation exposures which concern the retina of the eyes. NOTE 4 Ultraviolet and visible radiat

45、ion exposures of the eyes may result in photochemical damage to the retina (this is often called the blue light hazard). The associated action spectrum contains mainly visible radiation and only a very small contribution in the ultraviolet region. The determination and assessment of radiation which

46、may result in a blue light hazard may be done in accordance with part 2 of EN 14255 20. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition o

47、f the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 14255-1:2005, Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to incoherent optical radiation Part 1: Ultraviolet radiation emitted by artificial sources in the workplace EN 14255-4:2006, Measurement and assessment of personal exposur

48、es to incoherent optical radiation Part 4: Terminology and quantities used in UV-, visible and IR-exposure measurements CIE S 013, International standard global solar UV-Index CIE 17.4, International lighting vocabulary; Chapter 845: lighting CIE S 019, Photocarcinogenesis Action Spectrum (Non-Melan

49、oma Skin Cancers) ISO/CIE 17166, Erythema reference action spectrum and standard erythema dose BS EN 14255-3:2008EN 14255-3:2008 (E) 8 3 Terms and definitions 3.1 Symbols, terms and units For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 14255-4:2006 and the following apply. Table 1 Symbols, terms and units Symbol Term Unit Defined in wavelength nm CIE 17.4 ref 845-01-14 1, 2boundaries of a wavelength-range nm EN 14255-4 texpexposure duration s EN 14255-4 E irradiance W/m CIE 17.4 ref 845-01-37 E(t,), E() s