DIN EN ISO 13138-2012 Air quality - Sampling conventions for airborne particle deposition in the human respiratory system (ISO 13138 2012) German version EN ISO 13138 2012《空气质量 人体呼.pdf

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1、April 2012 Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 13No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS

2、13.040.20!$hm“1886974www.din.deDDIN EN ISO 13138Air quality Sampling conventions for airborne particle deposition in the humanrespiratory system (ISO 13138:2012)English translation of DIN EN ISO 13138:2012-04Luftbeschaffenheit Probenahmekonventionen fr die Abscheidung luftgetragener Partikel im mens

3、chlichenAtmungssystem (ISO 13138:2012)Englische bersetzung von DIN EN ISO 13138:2012-04Qualit de lair Conventions de prlvement de particules aroportes en fonction de leur dpt dans lesvoies respiratoires humaines (ISO 13138:2012)Traduction anglaise de DIN EN ISO 13138:2012-04www.beuth.deDocument comp

4、rises pagesIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.2303.12 DIN EN ISO 13138:2012-04 2 A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This document has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 137 “Assessment of workplace exposure to chemical and

5、biological agents” (Secretariat: DIN, Germany) in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 146 “Air quality”, Subcommittee SC 2 “Workplace atmospheres” (Secretariat: ANSI, USA), in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement). The responsible Ger

6、man body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuss Sicherheitstechnische Grundstze (Safety Design Principles Standards Committee), Working Group NA 095-03-01-01 AK Staub of Working Committee NA 095-03-01 AA Messstrategien und Anforderungen an Messverfahren. The DIN Standards corresponding

7、to the International Standards referred to in this document are as follows: ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 DIN V ENV 13005 ISO 7708 DIN ISO 7708 ISO 10651-4 DIN EN ISO 10651-4 ISO 15767 DIN ISO 15767 Use of DIN EN 481, Workplaces atmospheres Size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles as an

8、alternative to DIN ISO 7708 is recommended. In this standard, the abbreviation “Alv” is used to denote the alveolar region. National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography DIN V ENV 13005, Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement DIN EN ISO 10651-4, Lung ventilators Part 4: Particular requ

9、irements for operator-powered resuscitators DIN ISO 7708, Air quality Particle size fraction definitions for health-related sampling DIN ISO 15767, Workplace atmospheres Controlling and characterizing uncertainty in weighing collected aerosols EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO

10、 13138 January 2012 ICS 13.040.01 English Version Air quality - Sampling conventions for airborne particle deposition in the human respiratory system (ISO 13138:2012) Qualit de lair - Conventions de prlvement de particules aroportes en fonction de leur dpt dans les voies respiratoires humaines (ISO

11、13138:2012) Luftbeschaffenheit - Probenahmekonventionen fr die Abscheidung luftgetragener Partikel im menschlichen Atmungssystem (ISO 13138:2012) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 January 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate t

12、he conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standar

13、d exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the nation

14、al standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerla

15、nd, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref.

16、No. EN ISO 13138:2012: EContents EN ISO 13138:2012 (E) DIN EN ISO 13138:2012-04 2 Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Principle 7 4.1 General 7 4.2 Rationale for the early penetration conventions (EN 481 and ISO 7708) .8 4.3 Need for partic

17、le deposition conventions .8 4.4 Intended application 8 5 Assumptions and approximations .8 6 Deposition sampling conventions .9 Annex A (informative) Deposition variation and its correction 14 Bibliography 20 Foreword This document (EN ISO 13138:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC

18、 146 Air quality” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 137 “Assessment of workplace exposure to chemical and biological agents” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or

19、by endorsement, at the latest by July 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for ide

20、ntifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Ge

21、rmany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 13138:2012 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 131

22、38:2012 without any modification. “ EN ISO 13138:2012 (E) DIN EN ISO 13138:2012-04 3 IntroductionAerosols comprise disperse systems of particles, liquid or solid, inorganic or organic, anthropogenic or natural in origin. They are found in all working and living environments, indoors or outdoors. The

23、 range of aerosol types is vast. Many can be hazardous to humans when exposure occurs by inhalation, leading to a wide range of diseases, depending on where inhaled particles are deposited in the respiratory tract. Many specific diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumoconiosis (includi

24、ng coal workers pneumoconiosis, silicosis and asbestosis), and lung cancer are all known to be associated with aerosol exposures by inhalation. Protection of workers and the general public therefore requires meaningful standards by which such exposures may be regulated. The emergence of such standar

25、ds goes back to the beginning of the 1900s, and has accelerated in the decades running up to the publication of this International Standard with increasing awareness of the associations between exposures and disease, along with better understanding of the nature of aerosols and exposures to them. Ev

26、en very early on, the particle-size role in the penetration of particles into, and deposition within, the respiratory tract has been acknowledged. Based on a large body of research that has been conducted since 1960 and before, understanding of the role of particle size in the distribution of and de

27、position of particles in the various regions of the respiratory tract has led to the stipulation of particle size-selective curves that provide guidelines for the performance of sampling instruments, of the type widely used by occupational and environmental hygienists, that may be used to measure ex

28、posures in a way that is directly relevant to any of the health effects of interest.The original conventions, based on experimental data from carefully controlled inhalation studies with human volunteers, were expressed as curves describing penetration to the region of interest as a function of part

29、icle size, latterly (since the 1960s) in terms of the metric known as particle aerodynamic diameter in the size range extending from 0,5 m to 100 m. These conventions led to the emergence of samplers for collecting the inhalable, thoracic, and respirable mass fractions of ambient airborne particles,

30、 in both working and living environments, although the conventions are not restricted solely to mass sampling. The conventions were deliberately set up conservatively in view of the large inter- and intra-person variation and with full acknowledgement that the actual deposition of particles (and hen

31、ce true exposure) differs from penetration, e.g. to or within the alveolar region of the lung and other scenarios, especially when there are particularly fine aerosols. From the outset, therefore, it was to be expected that correlations between disease and exposure might be somewhat limited. However

32、, such an approach readily paved the way for aerosol scientists to develop reasonably simple samplers or monitors whose performance could adequately match the conventions of interest.With the current availability of large amounts of information on aerosol particle deposition in the human respiratory

33、 tract, with ongoing development of more advanced and truly representative sampling instruments, and with research into health-effect determinants such as deposited particle surface area (as opposed to mass), the establishment of conventions that allow for more direct estimations of actual depositio

34、n is now justified. This International Standard provides conventions for samplers intended to represent fractions of inhaled aerosol particles actually depositing in specific areas of the respiratory system. The particle size range is extended below 0,1 m where deposition is dominated by diffusion (

35、Brownian motion).Whether these new conventions will in fact lead to significantly improved correlation between exposure and disease is, at the time of publication, still an open question. Nonetheless, deposition is likely to be a more relevant potentially causative factor than one that includes exha

36、led particles that do not interact with the body. Whereas the earlier conventions have already been adopted in many legal schemes for determining compliance with exposure levels deemed safe, the newer conventions are expected to be applied initially in forthcoming health effects research. Eventually

37、, however, it is possible that compliance standards themselves will be revised if suitable samplers come into use, and correlation between exposure measurements and health effects are in fact found to be significantly improved.EN ISO 13138:2012 (E) DIN EN ISO 13138:2012-04 4 IMPORTANT The electronic

38、 file of this document contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of the document. Users should therefore consider printing this document using a colour printer.1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies sampling conventions to define idealized samplers for es

39、timating the deposition of non-volatile, non-hygroscopic, non-fibrous aerosols in five specific loci of the respiratory tract. The five loci consist of the anterior and posterior areas of the nasal passages, the ciliated and non-ciliated parts of the tracheobronchial area, and the alveolar (gas exch

40、ange) region.The conventions are separated into three independent sampling efficiencies defined in terms of thermodynamic diameter characterizing the diffusive (Brownian) motion of sub-micrometre particles and four efficiencies in terms of aerodynamic diameter 0,1 m characterizing deposition by impa

41、ction, interception or gravitational settling. Each conventional curve has been developed as an average of 12 deposition curves corresponding to 12 breathing conditions ranging from sitting to heavy exercise, male vs female, and breathing mode (mouth vs nasal breathing).NOTE Deposition is computed a

42、ccording to a model developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, Reference 3).2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,

43、the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 7708, Air quality Particle size fraction definitions for health-related samplingISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, Uncertainty of measurement Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995)EN 481, Wor

44、kplace atmospheres Size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particlesEN 13205, Workplace atmospheres Assessment of performance of instruments for measurement of airborne particle concentrations3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions

45、apply.3.1aerodynamic diameternullaediameter of a sphere of density null0= 103kg mnull3= 1 g cmnull3with the same terminal velocity due to gravitational force in calm air as the particle, under the prevailing conditions of temperature, pressure and relative humidity within the respiratory tractNOTE 1

46、 Adapted from ISO 7708:1995, 2.2.NOTE 2 The aerodynamic diameter is applicable to any particle, but it is dependent on the density, shape and porosity of the particle.EN ISO 13138:2012 (E) DIN EN ISO 13138:2012-04 5 NOTE 3 Under the conditions of interest in this International Standard, the aerodyna

47、mic diameter of a spherical particle is generally equal to null(null/null0), where null is the geometric diameter of the sphere. For high-density spheres of diameter of the order of 0,1 m where the corpuscular aspects of the air can be significant, a “slip”-correction factor is required (see Referen

48、ce 3).NOTE 4 For particles with aerodynamic diameter below approximately 0,4 m, the thermodynamic diameter becomes more significant in characterizing deposition than aerodynamic diameter.3.2thermodynamic diameternullthdiameter of a sphere with the same diffusion coefficient as the particle under prevailing conditions of temperature and pressure within the respiratory tractNOTE 1 The weak dependence of the thermodynamic diameter on the relative humidity is neglected (see Reference 3).NOTE 2 The thermodynamic