DIN 51900-1-2000 Testing of solid and liquid fuels - Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimeter and calculation of net calorific value - Part 1 Principles appar.pdf

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1、DEUTSCHE NORM April 2000 Determining the gross calorific value of solid and calculation of net calorific value liquid fuels using the bomb calorimeter, and Part 1 : General information DIN 51 900-1 - ICs 75.160.10; 75.160.20 Supersedes November 1989 edition. Prfung fester und flssiger Brennstoffe -

2、Bestimmung des Brennwertes mit dem Bomben-Kalorimeter und Berechnung des Heizwertes - Teil 1 : Allgemeine Angaben, Grundgerte, Grundverfahren In keeping with current practice in standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), a comma has been used throughout as the d

3、ecimal marker. Contents Page Foreword . 2 Normative references . . . 3 Fundamentals and conce . 4 Principle 5 Apparatus . 4 6 Reagents and combustion aids . 6 1 Scope 2 . 4 7 Sampling, sample preparation and additional tests 6 8 Preparations for testing . . 6 . 7 9 Procedure 1 O Safety precautions .

4、 8 11 Corrections . 8 12 Determining effective heat capacity of bomb 13 Expression of results 14 Precision . 9 15 Calculation of net calorific value at constant pressure . 9 16 Conversion of results to other bases . 10 Appendix A Calculation of net calorific value at constant volume . . 13 Appendix

5、B Differences between DIN 51 900-1 and IS0 1928 . 14 Appendix C Examples of the effect of changes in the experimental conditions . 14 Appendix D . 15 Example of conversion of Ho, to Hu,p . Bibliography . 16 Foreword This standard has been prepared by Technical Committee Prfung fester Brennstoffe of

6、the Normenausschuss Materialprfung (Material Testing Standards Committee). The symbol YO is used in this standard to mean percentage by mass. Continued on pages 2 to 16. Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst. In case of doubt, the German-language original should be consulted as the authoritative text. Q

7、 No part of this translation may be reproduced without the prior permission of Ref. No. DIN 51900-1 : 2000-04 DINDeutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany, has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen). English price group 12 Sales No.

8、O1 12 11 .o0 Page 2 DIN 51900-1 : 2000-04 Amendments This edition differs from the November 1989 edition as follows: a) The specifications have been harmonized with those of IS0 1928 : 1995. b) The net calorific value is specified at constant pressure. c) The standard has been editorially revised. P

9、revious editions DIN DVM 371 6: 1931 -08; DIN 51 900-1 : 1977-08, 1989-1 1. DIN 5371 6: 1938-05; DIN 51 708: 1950-08, 1956-04; DIN 51 900: 1966-04; All dimensions are in millimetres. 1 Scope This standard specifies a method of determining the gross calorific value of solid and liquid fuels using a b

10、omb calorimeter and of calculating the net calorific value. It may also be applied to other solid or liquid substances. The gross and net calorific values determined using this standard serve, for example, to calculate energy balances and as a pricing basis. Values are specified here for the gross c

11、alorific value at constant volume and for the net calorific value at constant pressure. 2 Normative references This standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisionsfrom other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the titles of t

12、he publications are listed below. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. DIN 38405-5 DIN

13、38405-9 DIN 51 400-2 DIN 51 400-3 DIN 51 400-4 DIN 51 400-7 DIN 51 700 DIN 51 701 -2 DIN 51 701 -3 DIN 51 71 8 DIN 51 71 9 DIN 51 721 DIN 51 722-1 DIN 51 724-1 DIN 51 750-2 DIN 51 750-3 DIN 51 777-1 DIN 51 777-2 DIN 51 900-2 DIN 51 900-3 DIN EN 24260 DIN EN IS0 6245 German standard methods for the e

14、xamination of water, waste water and sludge- Anions (group D) - Determination of sulfate ions (D 5) German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge- Anions (group D) - Determination of nitrate ions (D 9) Determination of sulfur content (total sulfur content) of mineral o

15、ils and fuels by the Grote- Krekeler combustion method (acidimetric titration and gravimetric determination) Determination of total sulfur content of mineral oils and fuels by the Schniger combustion method (thorin-sulfonazo(II1) titration) Determination of total sulfur content of mineral oils and f

16、uels by the Lingener combustion method Determination of total sulfur content of mineral oils and fuels by oxidative microcoulometry Testing of solid fuels - General information and overview of test methods Sampling of solid fuels - Procedure Sampling of solid fuels - Sample preparation Determination

17、 of water content and of analytical moisture content of solid fuels Determination of ash in solid mineral fuels Determination of carbon and hydrogen contents of solid fuels Determination of nitrogen content of solid fuels by the semi-micro Kjeldahl method Determination of total sulfur in solid fuels

18、 Sampling of liquid petroleum products Sampling of pasty and solid petroleum products Determination of water content of petroleum hydrocarbons and solvents by the Karl Fischer method (direct method) Determination of water content of petroleum hydrocarbons and solvents by the Karl Fischer method (ind

19、irect method) Determination of gross calorific value of solid and liquid fuels using the bomb calorimeter, and calculation of net calorific value - Method using the isothermal jacket Determination of gross calorific value of solid and liquid fuels using the bomb calorimeter, and calculation of net c

20、alorific value - Method using the adiabatic jacket Petroleum products and hydrocarbons - Determination of sulfur content - Wickbold combustion method (IS0 4260 : 1987) Petroleum products - Determination of ash (IS0 6245 : 1993) Page 3 DIN 51 900-1 : 2000-04 DIN EN IS0 10304-1 Water quality - Determi

21、nation of dissolved fluoride, chloride, nitrite, orthophosphate, bromide, nitrate and sulfate ions using liquid chromatography of ions - Method for water with low contamination (IS0 10304-1 : 1992) DIN EN IS0 10304-2 Water quality - Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions

22、- Determination of bromide, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate and sulfate in waste water (IS0 10304-2 : 1995) Petroleum products - Determination of sulfur content - Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (IS0 14596 : 1998) Solid mineral fuels - Determination of gross calorifi

23、c value by the bomb calorimetric method, and calculation of net calorific value Petroleum products and bituminous materials - Determination of the water content - Distillation method DIN EN IS0 14596 IS0 1928 : 1995 IS0 3733 : 1976 Unfallverhtungsvorschrft Sauerstoff (Accident prevention regulation

24、on the use of oxygen) (VBG 62) DruckbehalterverOrdnung (German Pressure Vessels Regulation), BGBI. (German Federal Law Gazette) I, 1989, NO. 20, pp. 843-869 3 Fundamentals and concepts 3.1 Fundamentals The gross calorific and net calorific values represent the energy of reaction (for combustion at c

25、onstant volume) or enthalpy of combustion (for combustion at constant pressure) of a system, and have a negative sign, it being assumed that the temperature of the reaction products after combustion is equal to that of the reacting components before combustion. The difference between the enthalpy of

26、 combustion, (AH), = H, - H, and the energy of combustion, (Au), = U, - U, is equal to the volumetric work performed during combustion at constant pressure, p: where V is the total volume (the subscripts 1 and 2 referring to the state before and after combustion, respectively). The volumetric work c

27、an generally be neglected in the case of solid and liquid components, while the ideal gas equation may be used for gaseous components, in which case: (AH), - (AU), = (n, - n,)RT = AnRT where R is the molar gas constant; T is the reference temperature (thermodynamic temperature); n1 is the amount of

28、gaseous substance taking part in the combustion prior to combustion; n, is the amount of gaseous substance in the combustion products. 3.2 Concepts 3.2.1 The ratio of the amount of heat released during complete combustion under conditions of constant volume to the sample mass, provided the following

29、 conditions are satisfied: Gross calorific value (at constant volume) a) combustion takes place at constant volume; b) the temperature of the fuel prior to combustion and of its combustion products is 25 “C; c) the water in the fuel before combustion and that formed during combustion of hydrogen-con

30、taining compounds in the fuel is in the liquid state after combustion; d) carbon and sulfur combustion products take the form of gaseous carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide; e) the nitrogen in the fuel is not oxidized. Designated by Ho,v. NOTE: While the gross calorific value relates to a reference te

31、mperature of 25 “C, it is not very temperature- dependent in the case of solid and liquid fuels; this temperature dependence can be neglected if the gross calorific value is determined at temperatures between 20 “C and 30 “C. 3.2.2 Net calorific value (at constant volume) The net calorific value (at

32、 constant volume), differs from the gross calorific value in that the water in the fuel before combustion and that formed during combustion of hydrogen-containing compounds in the fuel is in the gaseous state, at 25 “C, after combustion. Page 4 DIN 51 900-1 : 2000-04 3.2.3 The net calorific value (a

33、t constant pressure), H, differs from the gross calorific value in that the water in the fuel before combustion and that formed during combustion at constant pressure of hydrogen-containing compounds in the fuel is in the gaseous state, at 25 “C, after combustion. 3.2.4 The ratio of the amount of he

34、at supplied to the calorimeter to the change in temperature it produces in the calorimeter. The numerical value of the effective heat capacity is equal to the amount of heat supplied if the temperature of the calorimeter increases by 1 K. NOTE: The dependence of the effective heat capacity of the ca

35、lorimeter on temperature is not considered here Net calorific value (at constant pressure) Effective heat capacity (of calorimeter) because it is determined at approximately the same temperature as the gross calorific value. 4 Principle I, 2 A fuel sample is burnt in a bomb calorimeter under specifi

36、ed conditions. The increase in temperature of the calorimeter due to the heat produced by combustion is measured in a calorimeter of either the isoperibol or static jacket design as in DIN 51 900-2 (a correction based on Newtons law of cooling being required), or under adiabatic conditions as in DIN

37、 51 900-3 (with no correction being necessary). The following parameters are used to calculate the gross calorific value: a) the increase in temperature of the calorimeter; b) the effective heat capacity of the calorimeter; c) the initial sample mass; d) the amount of heat released in the combustion

38、 of the fuses and combustion aids; e) the heat due to the formation of dilute sulfuric acid from sulfur dioxide; f) the heat due to the formation of dilute nitric acid from nitrogen. The net calorific value is calculated from the gross calorific value and the elemental contents (see clause 15). The

39、calorimeter is to be calibrated using the thermochemical standard specified in subclause 6.2. 5 Apparatus In addition to a DIN 51900-2 or DIN 51 900-3 calorimeter and standard laboratory apparatus, the following shall be used. NOTE: The apparatus shown below is only intended to illustrate the princi

40、ple and details will vary from one manufacturer to another. 5.1 Combustion bomb The combustion bomb (shown in figure 1) shall consist of a corrosion-resistant material and have a self-sealing closure, an oxygen inlet, an outlet for discharging the gases in the bomb after combustion, insulated igniti

41、on leads for the ignition wire, and a crucible holder. The oxygen shall be fed in carefully to prevent the combustion substance from being disturbed. A metal screen may be mounted above the crucible to reflect the radiated heat. NOTE: The DruckbehalterverOrdnung shall be observed when working with t

42、he combustion bomb. Insulated ignition wire lead Gas outlet tti Oxygen inlet Bomb closure Metal screen Figure 1: Basic diagram of combustion bomb Page 5 DIN 51900-1 : 2000-04 5.2 Crucible holder Fixture for attaching the crucible to the bomb closure. 5.3 Temperature measuring device Resistance therm

43、ometers, calibrated mercury thermometers or other suitable temperature measuring devices capable of indicating temperature differences of about 3 K to an accuracy of 0,004 K may be used to determine the temperature of the calorimeter. NOTE: If resistance thermometers are used, measurements can be re

44、corded and evaluated by means of data processing systems and then used to calculate the effective heat capacity and the gross calorific value without conversion to centigrades. However, since such thermometers have a non-linear characteristic, the range for calibration shall be chosen so that the ef

45、fect of the characteristic can be disregarded. If an adjustable-zero thermometer is used, temperatures ta and te (see DIN 51 900-2 and DIN 51 900-3) used to calculate the gross calorific value need to be corrected as specified in the verification certificate. In more recent certificates, the calibra

46、tion and graduation corrections are included in the reading correction, and are specified in kelvins for every integral scale interval on the thermometer for a particular temperature setting, VE (20 OC). Older certificates give these data as a calibration correction for every integral scale interval

47、 and as a graduation correction for a particular temperature setting (20 OC). Intermediate values may be obtained by linear interpolation for both corrections. No correction need be made to the temperature reading if the same adjustable-zero thermometer is always used with the same temperature setti

48、ng, VE,to determine the effective heat capacity of the calorimeter system and the gross calorific value. If the temperature setting is altered, a correction shall be made or the effective heat capacity shall be re-determined. Recent certificates give an equation and a table enabling the reading corr

49、ection to be calculated for a temperature setting other than 20 “C. In addition to the graduation correction for a temperature setting of 20 “C, which is different for every adjustable-zero thermometer, older calibration certificates contain a table of graduation correction factors for temperature settings differing from 20 “C, along with calculation examples. The temperature setting, VE, is the temperature of a water bath, in “C, at which the adjustable-zero thermometer indicates O “C and is determined using a precision thermometer having 0,l K scale intervals. Stem